Aquatic Functional Products
afp Volume 2, Issue 1, Page 0-0, 2026
e-ISSN 0000-0000 (registering)
p-ISSN
DOI
ETFLIN
POTENTIAL OF LACTIC ACID BACTERIA FROM FERMENTATION OF NANIURA TILAPIA FISH (Oreochromis niloticus) AS EXOPOLYSACCHARIDE PRODUCERS
Bagaspati L Sadewa1, Tjipto Leksono1, Santhy Wisuda Sidauruk1
1 Department of Fish Product Technology, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, University of Riau, Pekanbaru - 28293, Indonesia
Corresponding: santhy.sidauruk@lecturer.unri.ac.id (Santhy Wisuda Sidauruk).
Revised: 20 December 2025
Accepted: 04 January 2026
Published: 08 January 2026
Editor:
© 2023 by the Authors
Keywords: Exopolysaccharide, Fermentation, LAB, Naniura, Tilapia
Introduction
Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) is a freshwater fish that is widely cultivated in Indonesia, particularly in Pekanbaru, Riau Province. Nutritionally, tilapia contains 14.39% protein, 3.74% carbohydrates, 1.45% fat, and 79.24% moisture per 100 g of edible portion (1). As a fishery commodity, tilapia can be processed into value-added products to improve its economic value and extend its shelf life. Fishery products are generally classified into processed and fermented products, both of which aim to preserve quality and prolong storage stability. Fermentation is a biochemical process that occurs in organic substrates through the activity of enzymes produced by microorganisms and has long been applied as a traditional method of food processing and preservation (2). One traditional fermented fish product is naniura.
Naniura is a traditional Batak Toba dish prepared by soaking raw fish in Jungga citrus juice. The soaking process reduces fishy odor and functions as a natural antibacterial treatment. Naniura has considerable potential as a probiotic food because it contains beneficial microorganisms, particularly lactic acid bacteria (LAB). Jungga citrus possesses high acidity, enabling rapid pH reduction that inhibits spoilage microorganisms (3). he pH of Jungga citrus juice is approximately 2.55 (4). Chemically, immersion in Jungga citrus transforms raw, firm, and fishy fish flesh into a softer product with a distinctive aroma. This transformation is attributed to the presence of essential oils in Jungga citrus that contribute to its characteristic flavor and odor (5).
Several studies have reported the use of Jungga citrus (Citrus hourbhiri) as a natural acidulant in traditional fish processing, especially in naniura production. Jungga citrus contains high concentrations of organic acids, primarily citric acid, which effectively reduce pH, suppress spoilage microorganisms, and enhance sensory attributes such as aroma, color, and texture. Previous studies have demonstrated that soaking fish in Jungga citrus can significantly reduce fishy odor, improve consumer acceptance, and maintain microbiological safety of the final product (6).
Fermented food products are widely recognized as natural sources of lactic acid bacteria (LAB). LAB are commonly isolated from fermented fish, meat, vegetables, and dairy products, and are associated with various health benefits due to their probiotic properties (7). During fermentation, LAB are capable of producing a range of functional metabolites, including organic acids, bacteriocins, and exopolysaccharides (EPS). EPS produced by LAB have attracted increasing attention because of their technological and health-related functions, such as improving texture and water-holding capacity in food systems, as well as exhibiting immunomodulatory activity (8). Therefore, LAB present in naniura fermentation are assumed to possess similar metabolic capabilities, including EPS production.
Lactic acid bacteria, particularly those belonging to the genus Lactobacillus, are known to contribute to host health by enhancing immune responses through stimulation of antibody production, inhibiting the growth of pathogenic microorganisms, restoring intestinal microbial balance, and improving resistance to infections (6). In addition, LAB can survive and adapt to stressful environmental conditions during fermentation by producing EPS, which function as protective polymers surrounding bacterial cells.
Exopolysaccharides are extracellular polysaccharides secreted by bacteria in response to environmental stress, such as acidic conditions, osmotic pressure, and nutrient limitation. EPS play important roles in protecting bacterial cells against bacteriophages, phagocytosis, toxic compounds, and osmotic stress, as well as facilitating biofilm formation. Moreover, EPS have been reported to exhibit health-promoting properties, including immunostimulatory and antitumor activities, as well as the ability to enhance macrophage and lymphocyte function (8). However, information regarding the potential of LAB from tilapia naniura fermentation as EPS producers is still limited.
Therefore, this study was conducted to evaluate the quality characteristics of tilapia naniura, isolate and characterize lactic acid bacteria, and determine the potential of LAB from tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) naniura fermentation as producers of exopolysaccharides.
Methodology
Time and Places
This research was conducted from May to June 2025 at the Fisheries Product Processing Laboratory and the Fisheries Product Microbiology Laboratory, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, University of Riau. During this period, the study focused on experimental procedures, including sample preparation and laboratory analysis, whereas data processing and manuscript preparation were conducted separately after the experimental phase.
Materials
The materials used for naniura preparation were fresh tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) obtained from a local traditional market, Jungga citrus (Citrus hourbhiri), andaliman (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium), turmeric (Curcuma longa), ginger (Zingiber officinale), garlic (Allium sativum), red onion (Allium cepa), candlenut (Aleurites moluccanus), galangal (Alpinia galanga), and red chili (Capsicum annuum). The tilapia used in this study were processed in fresh condition without freezing.
Materials used for lactic acid bacteria isolation included de Man Rogosa and Sharpe Agar (MRSA), de Man Rogosa and Sharpe Broth (MRSB), Nutrient Agar (NA), Nutrient Broth (NB), physiological NaCl solution, and distilled water. Materials used for crude exopolysaccharide analysis included MRSB medium and technical-grade acetone. Consumable materials included distilled water, tissue paper, and labeling materials.
Research method
The method used in this study was experimental, namely isolating lactic acid bacteria and testing the crude exopolysaccharide content. The design used in this study was a non-factorial completely randomized design (CRD) with treatment variations in immersion time consisting of 4 treatment levels, namely 0 h (L0), 3 h (L3), 4 h (L4), and 5 h (L5). The design model used was as shown in Equation 1.
["Equation", "Equation 1 | Yij = Observation values for treatment i and repetition j, µ = Actual mean, τi = Effect of treatment i, εij = Experimental error in treatment i and repetition j.", "50%", "150", "2", "Y_{ij} = \mu + \tau_i + \varepsilon_{ij}"]
Research procedure
Making Naniura
The production of naniura involved several stages. Fresh tilapia were first cleaned and cut into butterfly fillets by slicing from the dorsal side toward the tail, then drained. Fresh tilapia fillets (±100 g per treatment) were immersed in freshly squeezed Jungga citrus juice at a 1:1 (w/v) ratio, equivalent to approximately 110 mL of juice per 100 g of fish, ensuring that the fillets were fully submerged. The immersion in Jungga citrus juice was carried out for 0, 3, 4, and 5 h according to the treatment design. Following completion of the citrus immersion, the spices were ground using a blender and mixed evenly. The fish fillets were then separately marinated with naniura spices for an additional 1 hour, which was applied equally to all treatments. The product was then observed and considered ready for consumption (9).
Isolation and purification of lactic acid bacteria isolates
The first stage of isolation and purification of lactic acid bacteria isolates is dilution, by homogenizing 10 g of the naniura sample in 90 mL of physiological NaCl to obtain a 10⁻¹ dilution. The dilution process is continued up to 10⁻⁵ by transferring 1 mL of the previous dilution into 9 mL of physiological saline. Then, 1 mL of sample from the last three dilution series (10⁻³, 10⁻⁴, and 10⁻⁵) is transferred into a petri dish and added with 15–20 mL of MRSA medium. Bacterial growth on the MRSA medium is performed in duplicate for each dilution and the petri dishes are incubated at 37°C for 24 h. Selected colonies showing the largest clear zones and distinct morphology were purified on MRSA medium using the quadrant streak method at 37°C for 24 h, with repeated streaking performed when necessary to obtain uniform colonies (10). The isolation and purification workflow is presented in Figure 1.
["Figure", "https://etflin.com/file/figure/202601050353081202991275.png", "Figure 1. Research process.", "", "100%", "2"]
Observation
Sensory Evaluation
Sensory evaluation consisted of a hedonic test and a sensory quality test, both conducted to evaluate the acceptance and quality characteristics of naniura products (11). The tests were performed using 15 moderately trained panelists, who were undergraduate students of Fisheries Product Technology.
The hedonic test was carried out to determine panelists’ preference toward the samples. Panelists evaluated appearance, aroma, taste, and texture using a 9-point hedonic scale, where 1 = extremely dislike and 9 = extremely like.
The sensory quality test was conducted to assess the overall quality attributes of the product, including appearance, aroma, taste, and texture. A quality scoring method was applied using a 1–5 scale, where 1 = very poor quality and 5 = very good quality.
All samples were coded with random three-digit numbers and presented to panelists at room temperature. Drinking water was provided between evaluations to neutralize the palate.
Analysis of water activity (Aw) values
The Aw value of the sausage was measured using a pre-calibrated Aw meter. A total of 4 g of crushed naniura was placed in a measuring cup. The device was used until it showed the “completed” sign (12)
pH test
pH determination can be performed using a pH meter. The equipment prepared for pH testing includes a pH meter, electrode glass, and a magnetic stirrer. This pH measurement begins with calibrating the pH meter with a buffer solution; the pH meter is always calibrated before each measurement. The cleaned electrode is immersed in the sample to be measured, and the result indicated by the needle on the pH meter is recorded (13).
Total lactate acid bacteria test
["Equation", "Equation 2 | N = total lactic acid bacteria (CFU/g), ΣC = total colonies counted, n1 and n2 = numbers of plates at selected dilutions, d = lowest dilution factor.", "50%", "150", "2", "N = \frac{\sum C}{(1 \times n_1) + (0.1 \times n_2)} \times d"]
Lactat acid bacteria characterization
Morphological test
Morphological observation of lactic acid bacteria colonies. Morphological observation of colonies was performed after obtaining pure cultures. Macroscopic observation included the shape, color, edges, and elevation of bacterial colonies. The surface of the colony could be viewed from the side, and the edges of the colony could be viewed from above the dish (15).
Gram staining
A 24-hour-old bacterial culture is placed on a sterile slide and fixed. Crystal violet staining solution is added to the slide with the bacterial culture and left for 1 minute. The slide is rinsed with a small amount of running water. This staining uses a crystal violet solution as the primary stain to color the target microorganisms purple. Next, Lugol's iodine solution is added to the slide and left for 30 s to 1 minute. The Lugol's iodine solution is brown in color to enhance the color of the crystal violet. The slide is rinsed with a small amount of running water and left to dry briefly. Then, the slide is gradually dripped with 95% ethanol until no dye flows out of the slide, and rinsed with running water. Next, safranin solution is added to the specimen and left for 1 minute. Safranin stains microorganisms red, then the specimen is rinsed with running water and dried. The specimen is observed under a microscope at magnifications of 100x, 400x, and up to 1000x (16).
Catalase test
One bacterial culture was taken from the 24-hour-old MRSB growth medium and placed on a glass slide. One to two drops of 3% hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) reagent were added to the surface of the glass slide containing the culture and left for a few moments. Observe whether bubbles form on the slide containing the isolate. If bubbles form, it indicates that the bacteria are catalase-positive, and if no bubbles form, it indicates that the bacteria are catalase-negative (17).
Motility test
To determine the motility of lactic acid bacteria, each isolate was inoculated by piercing with an ose needle into Sulfide Indole Motility (SIM) semi-solid medium and then incubated in an incubator for 24-48 h at 37°C. If bacterial growth on the SIM medium spreads (outside the puncture area), the bacteria are motile. If bacterial growth is limited to the puncture area, the bacteria are non-motile (18).
Type of fermentation test
The fermentation test is used to classify lactic acid bacteria into homofermentative or heterofermentative groups. The fermentation test is performed by growing bacterial cultures in liquid MRS medium in reaction tubes containing Durham tubes. Incubation is carried out for 2 days at 37°C. Observations are made by observing the formation of air bubbles in the Durham tubes (3).
Testing Crude Exopolysaccharide Levels
The final stage involved testing crude EPS production (19) by inoculating 8 ose BAL into 50 mL of MRSB medium and incubating it for 24 h at 35°C. Following this, cold centrifugation was performed for 30 min at a concentration of 5000 rpm and a temperature of 4°C. Then, 20 mL of the supernatant from the centrifugation was transferred into a reaction tube that had previously been weighed, followed by the addition of 40 mL of technical acetone (twice the volume of the sample) and left overnight at 4°C. Then, centrifuge again for 30 min at 5000 rpm and 4°C, discard the supernatant, and dry the pellet at the bottom of the tube in an oven at 100°C for 15 min. Weigh the tube containing the dry EPS, subtract the original weight of the empty tube, and determine the constant weight. The yield is calculated using the equation 3.
Data Analysis
The data obtained was first tabulated into a table and analyzed statistically using analysis of variance (ANOVA). Based on the analysis of variance, if F-Calculated < F-Table at a 95% confidence level, then H0 is accepted. If F-Calculated > F-Table at a 95% confidence level, then H0 is rejected, and a further test is conducted.
Results and Discussion
Sensory Evaluation
Sensory evaluation was conducted to assess panelists’ preference and perceived quality of tilapia naniura subjected to different Jungga citrus immersion times. The evaluation was based on appearance, aroma, taste, and texture parameters.
Hedonic Value
Hedonic evaluation was conducted to determine panelists’ preference toward tilapia naniura based on appearance, aroma, taste, and texture. Differences in Jungga citrus soaking duration influenced panelists’ responses, as indicated by variations in hedonic values among treatments.
Figure 2 shows the visual appearance of tilapia naniura after immersion in Jungga citrus for different durations. Changes in color and surface characteristics were observed with increasing soaking time, which contributed to differences in panelists’ sensory perception.
The hedonic scores for appearance, aroma, taste, and texture of tilapia naniura are summarized in Table 1. Overall, immersion time significantly affected all hedonic parameters (p < 0.05).
The highest hedonic scores for all sensory attributes were observed in tilapia naniura immersed in Jungga citrus for 4 h (L4). At this immersion time, the product exhibited a bright and appealing appearance, a reduced fishy odor with a distinctive acidic aroma, a balanced sour taste that remained acceptable to panelists, and a soft yet compact texture. In contrast, the lowest hedonic scores were recorded for the 0-hour immersion treatment (L0), indicating limited sensory acceptability when the fish was not soaked in Jungga citrus (20).
Prolonged immersion for 5 h (L5) resulted in a decrease in hedonic scores for taste and texture compared to the 4-hour treatment. Excessive acid exposure may have intensified sourness and weakened muscle structure, leading to reduced panelist preference (21). These results indicate that an optimal immersion time is necessary to achieve desirable sensory characteristics.
Overall, a Jungga citrus immersion time of 4 h produced tilapia naniura with the highest consumer acceptance across all evaluated hedonic parameters. This finding suggests that appropriate acid soaking duration plays a critical role in improving the sensory quality of naniura products.
Quality Score
Quality scoring was conducted to evaluate the objective quality attributes of tilapia naniura based on predefined criteria, including appearance, aroma, taste, and texture. Unlike hedonic assessment, which reflects panelists’ preferences, quality scoring describes the product characteristics in relation to standard quality attributes.
The quality scores of tilapia naniura subjected to different Jungga citrus immersion times are presented in Table 2. Immersion time significantly affected all quality parameters (p < 0.05).
The highest quality scores for all attributes were observed in tilapia naniura immersed in Jungga citrus for 5 h (L5). This treatment resulted in a bright yellow-orange appearance, a strong citrus and spice aroma without fishy odor, a well-balanced sour and spicy taste, and a very tender texture. These characteristics indicate that prolonged acid immersion enhances product quality by intensifying color, aroma, and flavor while softening muscle structure.
In contrast, the lowest quality scores were obtained from the 0-hour immersion treatment (L0), indicating limited quality development when Jungga citrus was not applied. Increasing immersion time allowed the organic acids and spices to penetrate the fish tissue more effectively, contributing to improved sensory quality.
However, although the 5-hour immersion treatment (L5) produced the highest quality scores, this treatment did not correspond to the highest hedonic preference. This suggests that excessive acid exposure may improve objective quality attributes while reducing consumer preference, highlighting the importance of optimizing immersion time in naniura processing.
Physicochemical Properties (Water Activity and pH)
Water activity (Aw) and pH are important physicochemical parameters that influence the quality, stability, and safety of fermented fish products. In this study, both parameters were evaluated to determine the effect of Jungga citrus immersion time on tilapia naniura.
The Aw and pH values of tilapia naniura subjected to different Jungga citrus immersion times are presented in Table 3. Immersion time significantly affected both Aw and pH values (p < 0.05).
Increasing immersion time in Jungga citrus resulted in a gradual increase in Aw values and a corresponding decrease in pH. The lowest pH value and the highest Aw value were observed in the 5-hour immersion treatment (L5), whereas the highest pH and lowest Aw were recorded in the 0-hour treatment (L0).
The decrease in pH with increasing immersion time can be attributed to the diffusion of organic acids, primarily citric acid, from Jungga citrus into the fish muscle. Citric acid lowers the pH of the product by increasing the hydrogen ion concentration, creating an acidic environment within the muscle tissue. Prolonged exposure to acid promotes protein denaturation, which alters the muscle structure and reduces the water-binding capacity of myofibrillar proteins. The increase in Aw observed with longer immersion times is closely related to these structural changes. Acid-induced denaturation weakens the interaction between proteins and bound water, leading to the release of bound water into free water. Consequently, the amount of free water in the product increases, resulting in higher Aw values. Similar trends have been reported in acid-treated fish products, where prolonged soaking leads to increased free water content due to protein structural modification.
From a food safety perspective, the reduction in pH contributes positively to microbial stability by inhibiting the growth of spoilage and pathogenic microorganisms. However, the increase in Aw may enhance microbial activity if not balanced by sufficient acidity. Therefore, immersion time plays a critical role in determining the balance between physicochemical stability and microbial safety of naniura. Overall, the results indicate that Jungga citrus immersion time strongly influences both Aw and pH values of tilapia naniura. While longer immersion times improve acidity and may enhance microbial safety, excessive increases in Aw should be carefully considered to maintain product stability. These findings highlight the importance of optimizing immersion duration to achieve desirable physicochemical properties and ensure food safety.
Total Lactate-Producing Bacteria (BAL)
The BAL values of tilapia naniura with different acid immersion times are shown in Table 4. Immersion time significantly affected BAL counts (p < 0.05).
Increasing immersion time led to higher BAL counts, with the highest in the 5-hour treatment (L5) and lowest in the 0-hour treatment (L0). ANOVA analysis confirmed significant effects of immersion time on BAL (F_calculated = 62405.27 > F_table = 4.07, 95% confidence level), and BNJ post-hoc test showed that L4 and L5 were not significantly different, whereas L0 and L3 differed significantly.
The increase in BAL with longer immersion is due to the favorable acidic environment for lactic acid bacteria, which supports fermentation while inhibiting spoilage microorganisms. The mean BAL value of 4.3×10⁵ CFU/g also complies with SNI 01-2779.1-2006, which sets a maximum total plate count for fresh fish at 5×10⁵ CFU/g.
These findings indicate that acid Jungga immersion time strongly influences both physicochemical properties and microbial activity in tilapia naniura. Longer immersion times improve acidity and promote lactic acid bacterial growth, enhancing fermentation quality and food safety. However, increases in Aw should be monitored to maintain product stability. Optimizing immersion duration is therefore crucial to achieve desirable physicochemical characteristics, microbial safety, and overall product quality.
Characteristics of Lactic Acid Bacteria
Isolation of tilapia naniura using different levels of jungga acid immersion yielded 12 isolates that grew on MRS agar medium. To determine the characteristics of lactic acid bacteria, macroscopic testing was conducted to observe the morphological characteristics of the colonies, microscopic testing was conducted to observe the morphology of the cells, and biochemical testing was also conducted (22). The results of the BAL isolates can be seen in Figure 3.
Table 12 shows that BAL has a white and cream color, indicating that the bacteria contain carotenoid pigments. The color of the growing colonies appears different due to the pigments produced by the bacteria.
Gram staining
Gram staining is a classification of bacteria that divides bacteria into two major groups, namely gram-positive and gram-negative, based on the physical and chemical components that make up the cell wall. The results of Gram staining can be seen in Figure 4.
Gram staining of BAL on the 12-nanocell isolates revealed Gram-positive bacteria with a rod shape (7). This indicates that Gram-positive bacteria retain the purple color of crystal violet because their cell walls contain more peptidoglycan, while Gram-negative bacteria lose the purple color and retain a pink color due to lower peptidoglycan content. Further identification based on biochemical characterization of the bacterial isolates is shown in Table 13 and Figure 5.
The catalase test showed that naniura tilapia with different jungga acid immersions produced 12 isolates that had undergone a catalase test using hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) with negative results, where no bubbles formed on the object glass containing H2O2 liquid when coated with bacteria.
From the observation of the motility of the 12 BAL isolates inoculated into SIM medium, the results were negative or non-motile. The motility test was conducted because one of the characteristics of BAL is that it is non-motile. Bacteria are considered motile if their growth spreads around the inoculation site and causes turbidity in the medium, while bacteria are considered non-motile if their growth does not spread and only forms a line along the inoculation site.
Heterofermentative is characterized by the formation of air bubbles in the Durham tube. BAL that produces lactic acid, carbon dioxide (CO2), and ethanol belongs to the heterofermentative group, while BAL that produces lactic acid as the primary product of glucose fermentation is called homofermentative.
Table 14 shows that the crude EPS content of tilapia naniura with different jungga acid immersion times had the highest value in naniura with an immersion time of 5 h (L5) and the lowest in naniura with an immersion time of 0 h (L0). Based on the results of the analysis of variance, it was found that naniura with different acid soaking times had a significant effect on the crude EPS content of naniura tilapia, with F calculated (906534.58) > F table (4.07) at a 95% confidence level, thus rejecting H0 and conducting a further test. The BNJ post-hoc test showed that L0, L3, L4, and L5 were significantly different. Table 14 shows that the crude EPS content of tilapia naniura with different acid soaking periods had the highest value in naniura with a soaking period of 5 h (L5) and the lowest in naniura with a soaking period of 0 h (L0).
According to, the maximum EPS production by a culture is influenced by the growth factors of that culture, where optimal EPS production occurs during maximum cell production, which is during the stationary phase or the final phase of BAL. Another opinion is presented by, who states that other factors that can influence the amount of EPS produced by BAL, besides incubation time, include excess carbohydrates in the medium, the type of medium used, fermentation conditions such as temperature, pH, and oxygen levels, as well as bacterial physiology (23).
Conclusion
Jungga citrus immersion time significantly influences the sensory quality, physicochemical characteristics, lactic acid bacteria population, and crude exopolysaccharide content of tilapia naniura. Sensory evaluation demonstrated that a 4-hour immersion time resulted in the highest consumer preference, while longer immersion enhanced objective quality attributes, microbial activity, and EPS production. Increasing immersion time led to lower pH values and higher water activity, reflecting organic acid diffusion and protein structural modification that affect product texture and stability.
The presence and growth of lactic acid bacteria under acidic conditions indicate that Jungga citrus immersion supports a favorable fermentation environment while contributing to microbial safety. Furthermore, the increased EPS production at longer immersion times suggests potential functional properties that may be beneficial for food texture and health-related applications. Overall, optimizing Jungga citrus immersion time is essential to balance sensory acceptance, physicochemical stability, and microbial quality. This study highlights the potential of naniura as a safe traditional fermented fish product and supports the utilization of lactic acid bacteria and exopolysaccharides for the development of value-added fermented foods in Indonesia.