An overview of the historical context for Jamun's diverse medicinal properties

1.        Introduction

Jamun is a fast-growing species that can grow to the heights of up-to 30 m (100 ft) and can live for more than 10 decades. Its lush foliage, grown solely for decorative purposes, provides shade. The bark is hard and dark grey at the tree's base and softer and lighter grey as it rises. The wood is kiln-dried, making it water-resistant and therefore useful in train sleepers and for placing motors in wells. Although it is difficult to work with in carpentry, it is occasionally used to build inexpensive furniture and homes. When young, the leaves of Jamun have a turpentine-like smell and are pinkish in colour. As they grow, they turn into a leathery, glossy dark green colour with a yellow midrib. These leaves are highly nutritious and are often fed to cattle. Between March and April, Jamun trees bloom with tiny, fragrant flowers with a diameter of 5 mm (0.2 in). The fruits of this species are referred to as "drupaceous," and they begin to form by May or June and show similarities with huge berries. The shape of fruit is ovoid and oblong. The unripe fruit is green in colour, and as it develops, it becomes pink, then bright crimson red, and finally black. There is a variety of tree that gives white fruit. Eating the fruit tends to turn the tongue purple, and it has a flavour profile that is sweet, somewhat acidic, and astringent (1).

Jamun, also known as Malabar plum, Java plum, black plum, Jaman, Jambul, or Jambolana, is a poly-embryonic species belonging to the family Myrtaceae, commonly known as the Indian blackberry. The tree, Syzygium cumini, is evergreen and tropical, native to the Indian subcontinent, and naturalized in America, Africa, and Australia. The leaves, seeds, and roots of the tree can be used for numerous purposes. The fruit is violet-dark blue in colour, while the seeds are brown, and they have a sweet and bitter taste, respectively. The fruit has a slight odour and is oval in shape, measuring 1-2cm long and 0.5-1cm wide, tapering at the apex (2,3).

Figure 1 Images depicting an overview of S. cumini (L.) Skeels. Where (a) Jamun trees, (b) Jamun fruits, (c) Parts of Jamun tree; Figure 1(a) is retrieved from https://c1.wallpaperflare.com/preview/927/159/714/syzigium-cumini-tree-blackberry-Jamun.jpg; Figure 1(b) taken from https://uploadsgreenlungs.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/uploads/f3e2ee16ef0d139fbfc5c48cd542bfa7.JPG ; Figure 1(c) is retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syzygium_cumini#/media/File:Syzygium_cumini_Bra30.png

2.        Utility of Jamun as food

Jamun, a fruit that is native to India, can be used in various culinary ways. High-quality Jamuns can be used to make jam, tart sauces, and sauces with a sweet or acidic flavor and little to no astringency. They can become more palatable by soaking astringent fruits in salt water or poking, rubbing, and letting them stand for an hour. Jamun juice of high caliber works wonders for sherbet, syrup, and "squash," which is a bottled beverage made from crushed fruits for 5-10 minutes at 140°F, from which juice is extracted and combined with sugar and water. Preservatives like citric acid and sodium benzoate are added to the mixture. All fruits can be used to make juice, but it's advised not to press the fruit when extracting the juice from cooked Jamuns as the juice will be less stringent. The white-fleshed Jamun has sufficient pectin, and unless heating is done quickly, produces a highly stiff jelly. On the other hand, the more popular purple-fleshed Jamuns produce jelly with vibrant colors but lack pectin. Thus, they must either be combined with pectin-rich fruits like unripe or sour guavas or necessitate the addition of a commercial jellying agent. Jamun is also a significant source of port-like wine in Goa, and the fermented fruit has been used to make brandy and a distilled beverage known as "Jambava." Finally, India produces a lot of Jamun vinegar, which has a lovely clear purple color with a moderate flavor and a nice perfume (2).

3.        Traditional Uses of Jamun

Jamun, a tree traditionally used in Ayurvedic treatment, has various parts that are utilized for medicinal purposes, including fruits, leaves, seeds, and bark. The bark has been historically used as an astringent due to its tannins and carbohydrates. The seed contains a glycoside called Jamboline, which has anti-diabetic properties, and it has also been shown to have anti-inflammatory benefits in rodents and antioxidant qualities in diabetics. The Jamun's fruit pulp and seeds have been shown to benefit diabetics by lowering blood sugar levels and avoiding problems including neuropathy and cataracts. Jamun is most commonly used as an adjuvant treatment for type 2 diabetes due to its ability to lower blood sugar levels. In the case of overproduction of glucose, the seeds contain compounds like glucosides-Jamboline and ellagic acid, which can prevent the starch to convert in sugar. The Jamun has a rich history in alternative medicine, and all of its components can be used medicinally (2).

4.        Collection and Drying of Jamun

The study conducted by Mahalakshmi R. et. al. (2022), can be referred to for carrying out the collection and drying of Jamun (4). In another experiment, Santhalakshmy S. et. al. (2015) employed a spray dryer in a pilot plant with different operating conditions, drying 0.6 kilogramme of water per hour. A two-fluid nozzle, a drying chamber, two cyclone separators, a feed flow rate of 10 mL/min, a pressure range of 0.8 to 1.2 kg/cm2, and a temperature of 25°C were all included in the spray-drying assembly. The samples of dry powder were gathered and kept in airtight containers.(5).

5.        Extraction techniques used for Jamun

Extraction is the first step in isolating desired natural products from base materials. Based on the extraction principle, there are numerous extraction processes, including solvent extraction, distillation, pressing, and sublimation. Solvent extraction is the method that is most frequently used. The process of extracting natural products involves the following steps: allowing the solvent to permeate the solid matrix, allowing the solute to dissolve in the solvents, allowing the solute to diffuse out of the solid matrix, and collecting the extracted solutes (6). Any element that increases diffusivity and solubility in the above steps can make the extraction process easier. The extraction efficiency is influenced by the extraction solvent's characteristics, the material particle size, the solvent-to-solids ratio, the extraction temperature, and the extraction time (6).

The traditional extraction method has been improved over time as technology has advanced, aiming to increase yield or obtain high-quality finished goods or extract. The procedure involves separating the extract from the material, either through mechanical or chemical means, which remains the same. However, the equipment or solvent used in the extraction process may vary. For example, a microwave is utilized instead of a pressing machine in the mechanical approach, and a supercritical fluid is employed instead of the conventional hexane solvent in the chemical approach (7).

A frequently used method for extraction in the industry is solvent extraction, which has been employed in various industrial sectors such as hydrometallurgy, food engineering, pharmaceuticals, and waste treatment. Solvent extraction is a procedure that employs a chemical solvent to remove liquid from a sample of solid liquid, and both polar and nonpolar solvents can be used (7,8). Common industrial solvents include hexane, ethanol, methanol, chloroform, diethyl ether, petroleum ether, and acetone (8).

The extraction procedure can be carried out in batch or continuous mode, and several independent parameters such as residence time, sample moisture content, extraction temperature, sample size, and choice of solvent can impact the efficiency of solvent extraction (9).

For solvent extraction, the choice of the solvent is essential. Selectivity, solubility, cost, and safety should all be taken into account when choosing a solvent. A solvent's performance is likely to be improved if its polarity values are similar to those of the solute, and vice versa, according to the similarity and inter-miscibility principle (like dissolves like). Solvent extraction studies on phytochemicals frequently use all-purpose alcohols like ethanol and methanol.

In general, the extraction process produces better results with finer particle size. This is because smaller particle size allows for improved solvent penetration and solute dispersion, resulting in increased extraction efficiency. However, particles that are too small may absorb excessive solute, leading to difficulty in subsequent filtering. High temperatures enhance both solubility and diffusion, but going too high might damage thermolabile components, remove undesired contaminants, and lose solvent. Until the solute reaches equilibrium inside and outside the solid substance, extraction efficiency increases with longer extraction times within a particular time window. The solvent-to-solid ratio boosts the extraction yield, but a ratio that is too high may produce too much extraction solvent and prolong the concentration process (10).

When discussing the extraction of Jamun seeds, it can be accomplished using the same procedure. The extraction can be carried out using water, as well as the binary solvents aqueous methanol (50% v/v) and aqueous ethanol (50% v/v). The extraction procedure can be performed using time intervals of 30, 45, and 60 minutes, with a constant temperature of 50°C (11). Furthermore, other methods can also be tested to determine the extraction results.

As per the method performed by Arun et. al. (2011), freshly collected Jamun seeds were used. The seed coat was removed by shade drying, and a coarsely ground powder was obtained. Then, 100 g of seed powder was taken. It was extracted three times with ethanol, acetone, ethyl acetate, and water using a 1:2 (w/v) material-to-solvent ratio. The extraction was carried out under constant stirring for five hours at room temperature. After each extraction, the remaining material was filtered through a muslin cloth. The filtrate was collected and then stored at 4°C for further usage. The clear filtrate was concentrated using a rotary evaporator operating under a vacuum and low temperature (40°C). The concentrated extracts were kept at 20°C until further examination and dried in an oven at 60°C (12).

According to the method performed by S. Venkateswarlu et. al. (2014), S. cumini seeds were cut and dried for approximately 21 days in a dust-free environment. The dried parts were then ground into powder. Ten grams of the dry powder were combined with 100 ml of double-distilled water in a 250 ml round-bottom flask, and the mixture was refluxed for one hour at 70 degrees Celsius until the solution turned a light yellowish-brown colour. The resulting extract was then cooled to room temperature and filtered using cheesecloth (13).

Furthermore, the extraction of S. cumini was also performed using a Soxhlet apparatus. The ethanolic extracts of S. cumini seeds were obtained and concentrated using a rotary vacuum evaporator to create a viscous mass. This mass was then reconstituted at a concentration of 1 mg/ml (14).

In the work conducted by Shikha Pandhi et. al. (2019), the extraction of seeds of S. cumini was carried out using ultrasonication. The powdered seeds were mixed with ethanol and sonicated, followed by filtering and concentrating the extract with a vacuum rotary evaporator. Additionally, a Microwave-assisted extraction method was also performed (14).

6.        Phytochemical profile of Jamun

All parts of the Jamun tree, including its fruits, contain abundant amounts of different phytochemicals. Jamun fruits, for example, are rich in anthocyanin, glucosides, ellagic acid, iso-quercetin, kaempferol, myricetin, and other phytochemicals. Similarly, Jamun seeds are abundant in phytochemicals. Phytochemicals such as Jambosine, gallic acid, ellagic acid, corilagin, quercetin, and β-sitosterol. Flowers, are a good source of oleanolic acid, while tannins and gallic acid are responsible for the fruit's astringency or sourness. Additionally, the roots of the Jamun tree contain several flavonoids and glycosides (3).

Phytochemical screening was conducted for the roots, and flavonoids, glycosides, and isorhamnetin 3-O-rutinoside were reported as constituents (15). For the stem/bark phytochemical screening, the reported study showed the presence of friedelin, ellagic acid, gallic acid, gallotannin, ellagitannin, myricetin, β-sitosterol, and betulenic acid (16,17). Additionally, bergenins (18), flavonoids, and tannins (19) were also observed. Bornyl acetate, triacontanol, n-Dotricontanol (20), quercetin, maslinic acid, betulinic acid, myricetin, n-nonacosane, and n-dotricontanol were found in the leaves, along with terpenoids observed in the screening studies reported (21). Esterase and galloyl carboxylase were also reported as present in the leaves (22). On phytochemical screening of the flowers of S. cumini, oleanolic acid, ellagic acid, iso-quercetin, kaempferol, myricetin, kaempferol, dihydro-myricetin, quercetin, and arabinoside were found (3,23,24).

Phytochemical screening of the fruit pulp of S. cumini showed the presence of raffinose, citric acid, fructose, gallic acid, malic acid, anthocyanin (25), delphinidin, petunidin, and malvidin (3,26). Jamun peel powder was found to be useful as a food and drug coloring, and anthocyanin pigments from fruit peels were investigated for their antioxidant activity and stability as extracts and in formulations (26). Phytochemical screening of the seeds of S. cumini revealed the presence of fats, Jambosine, Jamboline, gallic acid, ellagic acid, corilagin, chromium, vanadium, potassium, sodium, zinc, and tannins (3,27). Essential oils isolated from the freshly collected leaf, stem, seed, and fruits of S. cumini showed the presence of α-terpineol, myrtenol, eucarvone, muurolol, α-myrtenal, 1,8-cineole, geranyl acetone, α-cadinol, and pinocarvone (2). Trans-ocimene, cis-ocimene, β-myrcene, α-terpineol, dihydrocarvyl acetate, geranyl butyrate, and terpinyl valerate (28) were also found.

7.        Pharmacological activities of Jamun

S. cumini exhibits various pharmacological activities that have been proven through authenticated research. The pharmacological activities of S. cumini can be observed and are listed in Figure 2.

Figure 2 Overview of Pharmacological Actions of Jamun

7.1     Anti-allergic activity

According to a study carried out by F.A. Brito et. al. (2007), the antiallergic properties of aqueous leaf extracts of S. cumini (L.) Skeels (SC) were investigated. Treatments with Jamun extract at various doses were reported to reduce edema; no discernible difference was seen between the various doses utilized. Rats receiving c48/80 therapy generated histamine in their peritoneal mast cells, but pre-treatment with Jamun leaf extract (1 g/mL) stopped this allergic reaction in the mast cells. OVA administration to BALB/c mice resulted in a significant accumulation of leukocytes, mononuclear cells, and eosinophils in the pleural cavity; however, pre-treatment of these mice with Jamun leaf extract at least on before to OVA administration significantly reduced the accumulation of eosinophils in the pleural cavity, indicating the extract's anti-inflammatory action (29,30).

The study was done by G.V. Balakrishna et. al. (2016), on the antiallergic properties of aqueous, methanol, and methanol fraction of the aqueous extract of Jamun roots, these extracts prevented mast cell degranulation from causing the release of histamine, which is what led to mice experiencing clonidine-induced catalepsy. Last but not least, it was demonstrated that giving mice different root extracts of Jamun suppressed milk-induced eosinophilia (30,31).

7.2     Anti-cancer activity

According to D. Barh et. al. (2008), several different cell lines have been used to test various Jamun components for cytotoxic activity in vitro. By using the MTT assay, the cytotoxic effect of the crude extract from Jamun fruit skin was investigated in HeLa (HPV-18 positive) and SiHa (HPV-16 positive) cells. The crude extract was discovered to have a cytotoxic effect on both cell types. However, the HeLa cells were more significantly affected than the SiHa cells by the change. Similar to this, HeLa cells demonstrated more apoptosis when exposed to 50% methanol extract than SiHa cells (32).

In the study carried out by Li et. al. (2021), nine phytochemicals overall were investigated for anticancer activities in the ovarian cancer cell line using chloroform extraction from the S. cumini fruits. Using the PA-1 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide tetrazolium test, the 50% inhibition (IC50) concentration and cell cytotoxicity values were calculated. A cell scratch assay was used to gauge the phytochemicals' capacity to restrain growth. Cisplatin was used as a positive control. Quercetin and gallic acid were more effective at killing cells than oleanolic acid up to 5 g/ml serial doses, but only at concentrations of 2.5 g/ml and higher. Oleanolic acid, together with QC and GA, significantly yet mildly reduced cell growth (33).

With the research of Afify et. al. (2011), the anticancer activity of S. cumini (L.) fruit extracts was examined utilizing leukemia cancer cell line cell viability test. Hexane, chloroform, ether, ethyl acetate, ethanol, and water extracts were used in succession and tested for anticancer efficacy. According to their findings, the ethanol extract had greater anti-leukemia activity than the others. The fruit extract of S. cumini (L.) contains phenolic components like Kaempferol 7-O-methylether and sterols like -Sitosterol, which was responsible for their anticancer potential, according to spectroscopic observations of active constituents isolated from ethanol extract (34,35).

Mittal et. al. (2014) carried out research, in vitro development, and characterization of silver nanoparticles from S. cumini (L.) fruit extract. It was discovered that the size of newly created silver nanoparticles and their size were between 10 and 15 nm. Important findings of this research included the identification of the biomolecules in charge of producing silver nanoparticles as well as the biosynthesis mechanism. The primary factor in the decrease stabilization of nanoparticles was the presence of flavonoids in S. cumini (L.). In vitro, it was seen that the nanoparticles completely destroyed Dalton lymphoma cell lines. It was discovered that silver nanoparticles (100 g/mL) could decrease the viability of Dalton lymphoma (DL) cell lines by up to 50% (36,37).

7.3     Anti-diabetic activity

When the study was carried by P. Kedar et. al. (1983), in New Zealand rabbits, it shown that a single intravenous injection of streptozotocin (STZ 65 mg/kg) elevated blood sugar levels to 340 mg% and was followed with weight loss, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, glycolysis, and ureamia. The raised post meal (1 1/2 hours after) values of blood sugar, cholesterol, and triglyceride were considerably reduced when Jamun seed (1 g/kg) was administered orally in a casein diet, to levels equivalent to phenformin (38).

P. Stanely MainzenPrince et. al. (1998), research shows the in contrast to 7.5 g/kg body weight, oral administration of 2.5 and 5.0 g/kg body weight of the Jamun seed's aqueous extract caused a considerable decrease in blood sugar and an increase in total haemoglobin. Besides, it prevents losing body weight. Moreover, the aqueous extract decreased the generation of free radicals in the tissues under study. The study comes to the conclusion that jamun seed extract has hypoglycemic qualities. The decrease in thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and increase in reduced glutathione, superoxide dismutase , and catalase demonstrate the Jamun seed extract’s antioxidant property (39).

According to the study carried by A. Bopp et. al. (2009), the leaves, fruit and pods of Jamun have been used for their hypoglycaemic activity. It has been discovered that adenosine deaminase (ADA) is a crucial enzyme involved in immunological response, DNA and purine metabolism, and peptidase activity. Although it is thought that ADA is a crucial enzyme for controlling insulin bioactivity, its therapeutic relevance for diabetes mellitus is still unknown. In this study, investigation was done on the effects of leaf extract of S. cumini (L.) on the ADA activity of hyperglycaemic subjects and the activity of total ADA and its isoenzymes in serum and red blood cells (40).

Observing the study of Rekha. N et. al. (2010), streptozotocin was injected intraperitoneally once to cause hyperglycaemia, which led to a considerable rise in blood sugar levels, a fall in serum insulin levels, and a reduction in body weight was seen in diabetic rats as compared with normal control rats. Blood glucose levels significantly decreased after the composite extract was administered to diabetic rats. More so than a single injection of the extract, it also dramatically increased serum insulin levels and stopped the loss of body weight. In diabetic rats not receiving treatment, hyperlipidaemia, a notable rise in lipid peroxide levels, and a concurrent decline in antioxidant enzymes were noted. Comparative to a single extract dose, composite extract therapy considerably improved these symptoms and brought them close to normal levels. This study reports that combining S. cumini pulp and Cinnamon zeylanicum bark aqueous extracts for therapeutic benefits against streptozotocin-induced diabetic condition (41).

Also, antidiabetic activity can be seen in various parts of the S. cumini. According to the study carried by Jagetia G. et. al. (2017), the plant parts that showed the antidiabetic activity along with the extract type used is given in Table 1 (30).

Table 1 Antidiabetic activity reported in various parts of Jamun

Sl. No.	Parts Used	Extract type	Species
1	Seed	Aqueous, Powder, Ethanol, Ethyl acetate, Methanol	Rabbits, Rat, Humans, Mice
2	Stem	Ethanol	Rats
3	Fruit pulp	Lyophilized, Aqueous, Ethanol	Rats
4	Leaf	Aqueous	Humans, Rats

7.4     Anti-microbial activity

The antimicrobial study was done on different parts of Jamun tree. From all majorly available studies it was observed that difference part of plant shows the antimicrobial activity on different microbial species. This can be seen in following Table 2.

Table 2 Antimicrobial activity of various parts of Jamun

Sl. No.	Part of the plant used	Species on which action is shown
1	Essential oils extracted from leaves	Basillus sphaericus, Basillus sphaericus, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Samonella typhimurium (42).
2	Hydroalcoholic extract of Jamun leaves	Candida krusei, P. aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, S. aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, E. coli, Kocuria rhizophila, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, P. aeruginosa, and Shigella flexneri (43).
3	The diethyl ether, methanol, and aqueous extracts of Jamun fruit	Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Micrococcus luteus and Salmonella typhi (44).
4	Ethanolic extract of Jamun seeds	E. coli, B. subtilis, P. aeruginosa and S. aureus (45)
5	Methanol extract of S. cumini seeds	Aspergillus niger, Bacillus subtilis, Proteus vulgaris, Salmonella typhii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans and Penicillium notatum (46)
6	The ethanol extract of Jamun roots	S. aureus, S. epidermidis, E. coli, Streptococcus suis, Salmonella spp., and Corynebacterium diphtheriae (47)

7.5     Anti-oxidant activity

In order to review the antioxidant study or work done on S. cumini, several literatures were reviewed which is shortly summarized in following Table 3.

Table 3 Antioxidant activity of various parts of Jamun

Sl. No.	Part of the plant used	The extract used for the activity
1	Fruit	Anthocyanin-rich extract prepared in acidified (5% H3PO4) ethanol (48)
2	Leaves	1:1 dichloromethane and methanol extract (49)
3	Seeds and Fruit	Acid ethanolic extracts (50)
4	Leaves	Aqueous extract (51)
5	Seed, Stem bark, and leaves	Ethanolic extract (52)

 

7.6     Gastroprotective activity

In the investigation made by Ramirez R. et. al. (2003), as evidenced by lessened gastric mucosal damage, decreased free radicals, and lessened gastric mucosal ulceration, tannins isolated from the stem bark of Jamun protect against stomach ulcers in Sprague-Dawley rats caused by oral administration of HCl/ethanol (53).

Additionally, it has been shown that the ethanol extract of Jamun seeds can lessen the production of acid-pepsin and peptic ulcers in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats as well as indomethacin- and ethanol-induced peptic ulcers (54,55).

8.        Formulations developed using Jamun

The work done on the S. cumini, in the field of pharmaceutics can be given in following review. Various pharmaceutical as well as nutraceutical formulations can be made with various parts of S. cumini. All these formulations can be formulated to show an intended therapeutic or health promoting activity and it can be seen in Table 4.

Table 4 Available Formulations of Jamun

Sl. No.	Formulation	Part of the Plant used	Activity
1	Polymeric Nanoparticles, Nanoparticles	Seeds	Antidiabetic (56,57)
2	Oral Thin Films	Seeds	Antibacterial (58)
3	Chewable Tablet	Seeds	Antibacterial (59)
4	Peel-off mask	Leaf	Antiaging, Antioxidant (60)
5	Gel	Leaf	Antioxidant (61)
6	Syrups, Paste, Sharbat, Vermicelli.	Fruit pulp & Seeds	Nutraceutical Supplement (A vitamin supplement) (62)
7	Maida Biscuits	Seeds	Antidiabetic (63)
8	Herbal Syrup	Seeds	Antidiabetic (64)
9	Mouth dissolving tablets	Roots	Antidiabetic (65)
10	Microcapsules	Seeds	Antioxidant (66)

9.        Pharmaceutical Analysis

According to study carried by Heba A. S. et. al. (2021), by analysing the chemical make-up of the leaf essential oil using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, 53 components, or around 91.22% of the total oil, were identified. An IC50 value of 38.15 2.09 g/mL for the tested oil against human liver cancer cells indicated a moderate cytotoxic impact. Furthermore, it showed inhibitory properties against α-amylase and α-glucosidase with IC50 values of 57.80 3.30 and 274.03 12.37 µg/mL, respectively (67).

Study done by Kaur J. et. al. (2020), shows that S. cumini extract underwent accelerated and long-term stability experiments for 6 months and 30 months, respectively. To calculate the number of different markers in the extract, an HPLC-UV method was created. The technique was used to analyse all of the stability samples after being validated in accordance with ICH guideline Q2. Regarding the control, there was no discernible difference in the fingerprint of any of the stability samples. The α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of all stability samples was also found to remain significantly unchanged, with respect to control sample, which suggest that antidiabetic activity of S. cumini extract does not change with storage (68).

Branco I. et. al. (2016), research examined the phenolic chemicals found in Jamun pulp to demonstrate a link between antioxidant and in vitro anti-proliferative properties, both prior to and during pasteurisation. Using UV-vis techniques, the total amounts of phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and anthocyanins were measured. By co-injecting a reference compound, the main phenolic compounds in HPLC-DAD/UV-vis were identified (69).

With the investigation of Chitnis et. al. (2012), construction of a quick, simple, and effective methodology, and a thorough pharmacognostic evaluation of S. cumini seed powder was conducted for verification of the market-available Jamun formulations. The gallic acid component of tannins has also been attempted to quantify using various chromatographic and spectrophotometric methods. 10mL of ethanol was used to extract 1gm of powder overnight; the mixture was then filtered and used for HPTLC analysis. Only 0.2 and 0.3 of the marker peaks indicated in the API (0.95 was not discovered in any of the formulations), 0.95, and 0.95 were found. After derivatization with iodine vapours for the purpose of detecting conjugated double bond chemicals, only sample A displayed significant bands. Toluene: Ethyl was discovered to be the suitable mobile phase. Acetate: Formic Acid among the substances tested. HPTLC results showed similar Rf values in market formulations and standard gallic acid (70).

Gajera H.P. et. al. (2017), conducted the research were seven different phenolics were measured using an HPLC-PDA method. Gallic, catechin, ellagic, ferulic, and quercetin were found in higher concentrations in the seed and BJLR-6, but gallic acid and catechin were found in larger concentrations in the pulp as α-amylase inhibitors. The fruit extracts concentration that display a 50% inhibition of porcine pancreatic α-amylase (PPA) activity is indicated by the IC50 value. When compared to normal acarbose (24.7 lg ml-1), the seed and kernel of BJLR-6 suppressed PPA at substantially lower concentrations, making them promising candidates for antidiabetic herbal formulations (71).

By method opted by F. Aqil et. al. (2012), extracts from the pulp and seeds of the Jamun were examined on a ShimPack reverse phase column. Different gradients of 3.5% v/v aqueous phosphoric acid and acetonitrile were used in two different tests. Solvent was present in the initial linear gradient. A 95% initial for 40 minutes, 40% for 41 to 61 minutes, and then 95% in acetonitrile with a 0.75 ml/min flow rate. With breaks in between the injections, the overall runtime was 61 minutes. At 520 nm, anthocyanidins were observed. In the second gradient, solvent A was originally present at 90% for 0–5 minutes, 85% at 10 minutes, 80% at 15 minutes, 70% at 24 minutes, 62% at 35 minutes, 94% at 40–43 minutes, and ultimately 90% at 45 minutes. Other polyphenolics and ellagitannins were observed at 366 and 280 nm, respectively (50).

10.     Conclusion

In accordance to whole review of the literature, S. cumini (Jamun) is said to be one of the most versatile herbal medicines that can be utilised as a whole. Almost every portion of the plant can be used to demonstrate potential therapeutic effects on a range of illnesses. The historical background of Jamun is being discussed, and we can draw the conclusion that it is an ancient medicinal plant that has been used for centuries in India and other regions. This conclusion is supported by traditional and scientific research, which has led to a growing understanding of Jamun's therapeutic effects. It is also being debated how to extract different active components from Jamun, and this information can be used for future studies to explore the potential of this adaptable herbal medication and look for a more practical way to extract and use its active components. In order to determine the effectiveness of Jamun and its ingredients in treating different medical diseases, investigations of phytochemical screening are also being done. This was investigated in order to understand the previous work. Additionally, the Jamun's pharmacological history was investigated in order to confirm the research on its ability to treat a variety of illnesses. To comprehend the potential for creating medications from the components of Jamun, pharmaceutical formulations that are currently on the market were examined. To comprehend the available study, the analytical backdrop is also reviewed. Despite the fact that Jamun has been the subject of substantial research, many questions remain unanswered. The best formulations or products that would support improved pharmacological aspects or health promotion might thus be developed in these fields, perhaps through nutraceuticals.