Banana (family Musaceae) is one of the world’s most widely cultivated fruit
crops and has been a staple for humanity since 600 BC. Known for its
accessibility, year-round availability, and exceptional nutritional value, the
banana is often referred to as the "plant of virtues" (Kalpataru) due
to its extensive applications and economic importance. This complex hybrid,
derived from Musa acuminata and Musa balbisiana, is native to
Asia but widely distributed across tropical regions worldwide, particularly in
South and Southeast Asia and the western tropical Pacific Ocean (1-3). Bananas offer unique nutritional
and medicinal properties, with all parts, including flesh and peel, usable in
products like chips, powder, biscuits, and juice (4). Bananas are an affordable,
nutrient-dense food source, rich in carbohydrates, dietary fiber, essential
minerals, and vitamins that support human health (5). Furthermore, bananas contain
numerous bioactive phytochemicals, including plant sterols, carotenoids,
biogenic amines, and phenolic compounds, all playing significant roles in
health by combating inflammation, cancer, and diabetes and serving as
antioxidants (6). The banana peel extracts have
demonstrated wound-healing properties by enhancing mucosal cell proliferation
and DNA synthesis (7).
Despite these notable benefits, a
comprehensive review of bananas’ dietary and phytochemical profiles is
essential to better understand their wide-reaching pharmacological potential. Given
the diversity in banana cultivars, this review addresses the challenges in
standardizing banana-derived products and examines the phytochemicals’ specific
roles in preventing chronic diseases and enhancing well-being. Additionally, it
seeks to evaluate gaps in current knowledge, emphasizing the need for more
research into optimal processing and formulation methods to retain and maximize
the pharmacological efficacy of banana-based treatments. This review highlights
the enormous potential of bananas and considers future research avenues to
fully utilize their therapeutic power for human health at a time when the
demand for easily accessible and natural nutraceuticals is rising.
Methodology
A
comprehensive review of 191 research papers published between 1981 and July
2023 was conducted to examine the health benefits of
(banana). The literature search was carried out using databases like PubMed,
Scopus, and Google Scholar, focusing on studies exploring bananas’ nutritional,
medicinal, and therapeutic properties. Inclusion criteria encompassed original
research, clinical trials, in vitro and in vivo studies, and reviews on bananas'
bioactive compounds and health effects, explicitly addressing conditions such
as cancer, diabetes, inflammation, and hypertension. Exclusion criteria
included non-peer-reviewed articles, conference abstracts, papers unrelated to , and studies unavailable in English or lacking data on
banana-specific effects. Data extraction focused on study types, health
outcomes, and phytochemicals, followed by a synthesis of trends in efficacy and
a qualitative assessment of study methodologies. Limitations related to study
designs and phytochemical standardization were also addressed, suggesting
future research directions.
Declarations
Acknowledgment
We would like to express our sincere gratitude to Dr. Mini P.V., Head of the Department of Zoology at Government College Kasaragod, and Dr. Jayakrishnan T.V. for their invaluable support and guidance throughout the course of this study. Their expertise and encouragement have been instrumental in the completion of this comprehensive review. We are deeply appreciative of their contributions and dedication to advancing our understanding of the nutritional and pharmacological benefits of bananas.
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare no conflicting interest.
Data Availability
Not applicable.
Ethics Statement
Not applicable.
Funding Information
Not applicable.
References
Musa paradisiaca
M.
paradisiaca
Nutrient Profile of Banana
In addition to routine contents like carbohydrates, dietary fiber, minerals,
and vitamins, bananas also contain several health-promoting bioactive
phytochemicals, including antioxidants, carotenoids, and phenolic compounds
(5). Phytochemical analysis of M. paradisiaca showed that along with the
usual carbohydrates and reducing sugars, different parts of the banana also
contain alkaloids, glycosides, phenols, tannins, steroids, terpenoids,
saponins, flavonoids, and several secondary metabolites (8). The ripe banana peel
of M. paradisiaca contains various minerals like Na, Mn, Ca, Zn, Cu, N,
K, and Fe with concentrations in ppm of 84.53, 18.82, 2.41, 1.01, 1.89, 1.15,
3.96, and 27.83 respectively (9). Ripe peel also contains proteins,
carbohydrates, fat, fiber, and ash at concentrations (in percentage) of 7.18,
42.95, 6.22, 14.31, and 22.30, respectively (9). An average-sized banana fruit
contains approximately 6 g of fiber and 450-467 mg of potassium, and its pulp
is high in cellulose, sugars, fiber, and starch and is a good source of
vitamins like vitamins A and C (10). The pulp of the banana fruit, Musa
paradisiaca var. sapientum, is also reported to contain several
bioactive nitrogen-containing compounds like serotonin, tryptophan,
norepinephrine, indole compounds, stearyl acyl glycosides, sitosterol, acyl stearyl glycosides, myoinositol
β-D-glucoside, cyclomusalenol, cyclomusalenone,
24-methylene cycloartenol, stigmast-7-methylenecycloartanol,
stigmast-7-en-3-ol, lanosterol, and β-amyrin (11, 12). In M. cavendish, antioxidant
gallocatechin was reported and was more abundant in the banana peel than in the
pulp (13). Flavanoid intake protects against coronary heart diseases (14). Furthermore,
the flower has yielded hemi terpenoid glucoside (1,1-dimethylallyl alcohol β-glucoside), syringin, (6S,9R)-roseoside, and benzyl alcohol glucoside
(15). In addition to the pulp, the banana peel is also a rich source of
phytochemicals. Studies on the nutrient content of six varieties of banana peel
reported 40-50% dietary fiber with a high protein content of 8-11%, along with
essential amino acids like phenylalanine, leucine, valine, and threonine. Among
the minerals, potassium was present in significant amounts (16).
Banana peel is valued for its bioactive
components, including phenolic compounds such as flavonols, hydroxycinnamic
acids, flavan-3-ols, and catecholamines, and is also a potential source of
pectins and dietary fibers (17, 18). The pulp and the banana peel are also a
rich source of bioactive compounds like carotenoids, flavonoids, phenolics,
vitamins like C and E, and amines (19, 2). As the fruit ripens, the starch
present in the banana is converted into glucose, sucrose, and fructose (20).
Unripe bananas have a lot of digestible starch, while ripe bananas have more
resistant starch (21). Chitinase, a transient Vegetative Storage Protein, is
common in unripe bananas (22). Also, as the banana ripens, a large increase in
fructose, glucose, and total sugar is noted (23). Comparison of phytochemicals
and mineral compositions of ripened and unripe banana flours revealed that the
total amount of soluble sugars present in unripened bananas ranged between 1.70
to 2.15 mg/100 g, while those in ripened bananas ranged from 37.5 to 43.8
mg/100 g (24). Its inflorescence is edible and is used as food and in medicine
(24, 25). Banana is a good and easy source of macronutrients such as
carbohydrates, protein, unsaturated fatty acids, vitamins, and various
minerals. Soluble solids (17.9%), vitamin A (12.4 mg/100 g), and vitamin C
(12.7 mg/100 g) were also observed in bananas by researchers. The nutrient and
phytochemical composition of banana fruit (as per 100 g) is given in Figures 1 and
2 (26). Bananas contain various bioactive compounds rich in antioxidants,
including carotenoids, flavonoids, phenolics, amines, and vitamins C and E,
which offer numerous health advantages (2). The peel is rich in flavonoids,
flavan-3-ols, hydroxycinnamic acids, and catecholamines (18). Additionally, Musa
cavendishii is notable for its antioxidant dopamine, present in both the
peel (80-560 mg/100 g) and pulp (2.5 to 10 mg) (27).
Figure 1. Nutrients of banana fruit.
The significant
presence of phenolics, biogenic amines, flavonoids, carotenoids, sterols, and
various antimicrobial agents makes bananas suitable for enhancing health (29).
They contain phenolic acids like ferulic, gallic, vanillic, salicylic, sinapic,
p-hydroxybenzoic, syringic, gentisic, and p-coumaric acids (30). Ferulic acid,
in particular, has antimicrobial, anticarcinogenic, anti-inflammatory, and
vasodilatory properties (31).
An assessment using
LC-MS-ESI revealed the presence of flavonoids such as epicatechin and
3-O-rhamnosyl-glucoside. Potassium was the most abundant mineral at 14,746.73
mg/Kg, while zinc concentration was 3.55 mg/Kg in unripe banana flour (32). Key
bioactive compounds with antioxidant properties in banana fruit include gallic
acid, tannins, catechin, epicatechin, and anthocyanins. Plantain pulp is rich
in hydroxycinnamic derivatives like ferulic acid-hexoside, while banana peel
contains high levels of rutin (5). The flavonoids identified from bananas, such
as quercetin, myricetin, kaempferol, and cyanidine, are free radical scavengers
(33). Carotenoids in bananas include lutein, lycopene, and zeaxanthin (34),
with orange and yellow-fleshed varieties having higher trans-carotene content
(35). Biogenic amines like dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin are
prevalent in banana peel and pulp, with serotonin levels ranging from 8 to 50
µg/g and varying dopamine levels in different banana pulps (36). Dopamine in
bananas improves LDL resistance to oxidation and reduces plasma oxidative
stress, leading to decreased oxidative modification of low-density lipoprotein
(37).
Health Benefits of Banana
Researchers have uncovered numerous health benefits of bananas (Figure 3). Sitosterol in bananas may alleviate benign prostatic hyperplasia symptoms and lower cholesterol levels (38). Banana ethanol fiber extract reduces cholesterol in obese male mice (39), while gallocatechin gallate aids cholesterol reduction and offers hepatoprotective effects (40, 41). Serum α-carotene levels inversely correlate with CVD and cancer mortality risk (42). Plant sterols like campesterol and stigmasterol in bananas lower cholesterol absorption by replacing LDL in the intestine (43). Additionally, cinnamic acid serves as an aspartame precursor (44), and cycloartenol supports plant steroid biosynthesis (45). Catechins enhance plasma antioxidants, reduce lipid peroxides, and improve LDL oxidation resistance (46).
Figure 2. Phytochemical composition of banana fruit (as per 100 g).
Figure 3. Various health benefits of banana.
The serotonin content in bananas has
been linked to feelings of well-being and happiness. Although bananas contain
serotonin, they do not cross the blood-brain barrier (47). Banana lectin (BanLec-1)
isolated from Musa paradisiaca showed binding specificity for
oligomannosidic. It has been shown to stimulate T-cell proliferation (48).
Catecholamines are neurotransmitters and are precursors of benzophenanthridine
alkaloids (49). The tannic acid from bananas has been utilized in burn
treatment (50).
Anticancer Properties
An anticancer polyphenol,
protocatechuic aldehyde (PCA), was identified in green Cavendish bananas (51).
PCA increases activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) expression and shows
anticancer properties in leukemia, colorectal, and breast cancer cells (52). A
higher incidence of esophageal cancer has been reported in males consuming
fewer or no bananas (53). Daily consumption of 2 g of banana in Swiss albino
mice with Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells resulted in growth suppression,
allowing 30% of the animals to survive longer (54). A diet with 10% green
banana flour in colon cancer mice reduced the number of aberrant crypt foci (a
colorectal cancer biomarker) reported in colorectal mucosa (55). A high
intake of certain vegetables and fruits reduces the risk of breast cancer (56). Research
indicated that 2-pentanone, a compound found in bananas, can inhibit the
production of prostaglandin and COX-2 protein expression in colon cancer cells
(57). The banana peel methanol fraction inhibited testosterone-induced cell
growth in the androgen-responsive LNCaP prostate carcinoma cell line, which may
aid in controlling benign prostate hyperplasia (58). Anthocyanin from the bract
of M. acuminata regulated the human breast cancer cell line (MCF-7) by
inducing apoptosis (59). Protocatechualdehyde showed antiproliferative activity
on human colorectal carcinoma cells in a dose-dependent manner by reducing the
expression of enzyme histone deacetylase 2 mediated by cyclin- D1suppression (60).
Ethanol extract from banana flower demonstrated anticancer properties on HeLa
cells, activating apoptosis and increasing caspase-9 enzyme activity by
blocking the cell cycle at the G0/G1 phase (61). The hexane fraction of banana
pulp and peel has shown in vitro anticancer activity against HCT-116 cells (62)
and high toxicity against MCF-7 and HCT-116 tumor cell lines (63). Extracts
from banana pseudostems and rhizomes have demonstrated excellent cytotoxicity
against HepG2 liver cancer cells (64). Ferulic acid from banana peels activated
DNA fragmentation in HeLa cervical cancer cells (65). Three phytochemicals from
pseudo stem of a banana can arrest mitotic cell division via proteins, cyclin-dependent
kinase 2 and tubulin (66). Banana flower extract (aqueous) exhibited anticancer
activity against benign prostatic hyperplasia by inducing cell cycle arrest at
the G1 phase (67). Ethyl acetate sub-fraction collected from soft piths of
banana (M. paradisiaca) is found to exhibit excellent antiproliferative
and cytotoxic activity on human tongue squamous cell carcinoma (HSC-4) (68). Banana
peel methanol extract collected from the Nendran variety showed excellent
antitumor activity against the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line. Treated cell
lines showed condensed nuclei and apoptosis, which showed their efficiency
against breast cancer (69). Studies showed that M. cavendish green peel
extract has antiproliferative properties on HepG2, A-375, MCF-7, and Caco-2
cancer cells. The extract showed an antiproliferative effect in all cell lines
at a concentration of 100 µg/mL. Also, HepG2 induced changes in cell
morphology and necrosis related to cell death. The authors suggested that MHE
can be considered for developing new drugs with anticancer properties (70). Hyperpigmentation
of the cell is considered due to over expression of pigment melanin. Sucrier
banana peel (Methanolic) extract inhibits melanogenesis via the p38 signaling
pathway in B16F10 mouse melanoma cells (71). Mannose-specific lectin from
bananas exhibited antiproliferative activity and induced cell cycle arrest in
different cancer cell lines (72). M. acuminata flower methanol extract
showed cytotoxic and antiproliferative properties on HeLa cells (73). The ethyl
acetate fraction from M. paradisiaca leaves displayed potential
anticancer activity against HeLa and A375 cervical cancer cell lines (74).
Antidiabetic Properties
Bananas have a low glycemic index, effectively
reducing immediate blood glucose levels. Studies show that methanolic extract
from green M. paradisiaca fruits exhibits significant hypoglycemic properties
in both healthy and diabetic-induced mice (75). A pectin-type polysaccharide
from banana peel demonstrated antidiabetic effects by activating insulin
production (76). Alcoholic extracts from M. paradisiaca flowers have also shown
excellent antihyperglycemic properties (77). Banana flower has several bioactive
compounds and shows antidiabetic properties (78). Consumption of M.
paradisiaca inflorescence extracts normalized blood glucose and lipid
peroxidation levels in diabetic rats (79).
Malaysian banana flower extracts
have been identified as a potent source of antioxidants and postprandial
regulators to combat hypoglycemia (80). Insulin tolerance tests indicated that
extracts from M. cavendish and M. acuminata had the highest
hypoglycemic activity compared to M. sapientum and M.paradisica
(81). Methanol and hydroalcoholic extracts from the pseudostem effectively
inhibited α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes, demonstrating
antidiabetic activity (82). Ethanol extracts from M. balbisiana flowers
exhibited significant antidiabetic, antihyperlipidemic, and antioxidant effects
in diabetic rats. The serum insulin level increases, and glucose absorption
from the intestine is reduced considerably (83). M. paradisiaca
inflorescence is also an excellent source of soluble dietary fiber, which can
enhance glucose and cholesterol adsorption and increase glucose uptake in
myoblasts (84). Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats, when given with aqueous
extracts of M.paradisiaca inflorescence showed that the inflorescence
could be used as an alternative therapy for treating type 2 diabetes mellitus
with promising hypoglycemic effect (85) .M. Type 2 diabetic rats (induced by
STZ) showed reduced food intake, also the fasting insulin and GLP-1 levels are
increased, after the ingestion of banana peel dietary fibres to such rats. Thus,
banana peel soluble dietary fiber can be used to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus
(86).
Chloroform extracts from banana flowers have
shown antidiabetic properties (1). Consumption of resistant starch from green
bananas can reduce fasting glucose and body weight, making it a good option for
prediabetics (87). An extensive review recommends standardizing dosage and
considering the banana variety and ripening level for different age groups
(88).
Antibacterial Properties
Different
parts of bananas also show potent antibacterial properties. The threshold of
inhibitory concentration (ic 50) against Staphylococcus and Pseudomonas
with M.paradisiaca bark/peel aqueous extract were 143.5 and 183.1 µg/mL,
respectively. The banana peel extract was more active than the leaf extract
against both bacteria. Also, the extract was more active against Staphylococcus
bacteria than the Pseudomonas species (89).
In the laboratory study, ethyl alcohol extracts of banana flowers of Musa
sapientum have been shown to inhibit the growth of several pathogenic
bacteria like B. subtilis, B. cereus, and E. coli. Of the
different bioactive compounds isolated (which include β-sitosterol, 12-hydroxy stearic acid, palmitic acid, and d-malic acid),
β-sitosterol and malic acid were the active
compounds responsible for antibacterial activity. The study may aid in wound
healing and infection prevention (90). The antimicrobial property of M.
paradisiaca and Cocos nucifera crude extracts on bacteria was studied using the
agar disc diffusion method. Both plant extracts hindered the growth of test
organisms. The methanol extract of M. paradisiaca fruit peels exhibited
pronounced antibacterial activity against bacteria such as Staphylococcus
aureus, Bacillus subtilis, E. coli, and Pseudomonas
aeruginosa (91). The flower extracts (ethyl alcohol and ethyl alcohol:
water extracts) of M. paradisiaca showed antibacterial and antifungal
activity against E. coli, B. subtilis, B. cereus, Klebsiella
pneumoniae, P. aeruginosa, P. mirabilis, S. aureus, S.
pneumoniae,S. typhimurium, C. albidus and C. albicans
with minimum inhibitory concentrations that ranged from 5.62-25.81 and
7.60-31.50 µg/mL, respectively (77). Studies also showed that the
ethanol extract of unripe banana peel inhibited the microorganism like Pseudomonas
aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus mirabilis, Bacillus
subtilis, Aspergillus niger at a concentration of 100 mg/mL with
the inhibition zones of 8.2, 7.8, 8.3, 5.4, 4.6 respectively (9). Ethyl acetate
extract of M. paradisiaca demonstrated effective antibacterial
properties against multidrug-resistant strains of nosocomial pathogens P.
aeruginosa, E. coli and Citrobacter sp (92).
The antibacterial activity of the banana
extract was highest against M. catarrhalis and S. aureus
(inhibition zone 30 mm), followed by S. pyogenes, E. aerogenes,
and K. pneumoniae (93). Alcoholic extract of banana peel has
antimicrobial properties against pathogens causing aggressive periodontitis P.
gingivalis and A. actinomycetemcomitans (94). Antibacterial
potentials of leaf ethanol and aqueous extract of M. paradisiaca against bacteria of clinical importance like S.
aureus, B. subtilis, P. aeruginosa, V. cholerae, and S.
dysenteriae showed that aqueous fraction has a minimum inhibitory
concentration that ranged from 3.125 to 25 mg/mL. The aqueous fraction
outperformed the ethanol extract regarding antibacterial activity (95). Methanol
extract is reported to have more inhibition than ethanol extract in controlling
E. coli, P. aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella typhi
(96). Also, the methanol fraction of M. paradisiaca exhibited greater
wound-healing activity in albino rats (97). Streptococcus mutans is
reported as the most susceptible bacteria with banana peel ethanol extract, and
the inhibition zone ranged from 8 mm at 3.125 mg/mL to 25 mm at 100 mg/mL. It
was followed by P. aeruginosa and E. coli. Also, the sensibility
of the multidrug-resistant bacteria to the ethanolic peel extract is of great
significance in future work (98).
The peel extract in methanol had strong antibacterial action on S. aureus and E. coli, and the activity was
suggested to be associated with the total flavonoid and the phenolic compounds.
The leaf stalk extract of M. acuminatacollected in acetone showed antimicrobial properties against the
disease-causing bacteria, P. aeruginosa and E. coli, and
therefore, it can be recommended for infections caused by these microorganisms
(99). M. acuminata and M. paradisiaca ethanolic leaf extracts act as antibacterial
agents for methicillin-resistant strains of S. aureus (100).
Antiviral Properties
Banana lectin was discovered in 1990 in M. paradisiaca (48); however, no
significant further work was reported for a long time. The crystal structure of
methyl αD-monoxide with banana lectin (from M.
paradisiaca) has exposed two primary binding sites for banana lectin (101).
Lectins are homodimeric natural proteins capable of binding reversibly with
carbohydrates on the cell surface. So, lectin can bind with the surface of
pathogens and can damage their structure, preventing the host infection.
Studies showed that lectin can bind with mannose and mannose-containing
oligosaccharides and is an effective T-cell mitogen. BanLec or banana lectin is
extracted from the fruit of M. acuminata. The lectin has high affinity and can bind to
mannose structures, especially those located on the glycosylated envelope of
viruses like HIV-1, by binding to glycosylated envelope protein gp120 and
preventing its further entry into the cell and showing potent anti-HIV properties
(103).
Substituting a single amino acid, histidine, with threonine in banana lectin
(H84T) can reduce mitogenicity and maintain its antiviral properties. It can
bind to mannose N-glycans and showed antiviral properties on several
high-mannose expressing viruses, like HIV-1, HIV-2, hepatitis C, and influenza
A and B. BanLec H84T can inhibit both virus-like particles as well as entry and
replication of the Ebola virus mini-genome in cells (103, 104). Ethanol/acetone
extract of banana leaf isolated from many cultivars showed excellent
anti-Chikungunya virus properties (EC50 around 10 µg/mL) (105). 25 µg/mL
BanLec has exhibited an increased rate of inhibition on Bovine Viral Diarrhea 1
(BVDV-1) (of 99.98%) and on Bovine α Herpes
Virus (BoHV-1) (of 99.68%) without showing any cell viability (106).
Antifungal Properties
Peel and stalk extract of banana (M.
paradisiaca )
exhibited antifungal actions, and the activities were studied using the
percentage inhibition test. A stalk extract of 1.0 mg/mL showed 100% inhibition
of growth against fungi like Aspergillus oryzae, Aspergillus niger,
and Rhizopus stolonifer. Peel extract inhibition was 100% on A. niger,
76.67% on A. oryzae, and 56.67% on R. stolonifer at the concentration of
1 mg/mL (107). Banana leaves also exhibited significant antifungal activity. In
another M. acuminata leaf extract experiment, the largest inhibition zone
diameters were shown against Candida albicans (108). Similar antifungal
activities of banana leaves were observed against Penicillium oxalicum
(with inhibition of 40%) and Alternaria alternate (109). Kadali banana dried peel powder and ash
extract showed antifungal properties against Aspergillus niger (110).
The
antimicrobial property of extracts collected from M. paradisiaca and
Cocos nucifera on fungi Candid sp (Candida tropicalis and Candida
albicans) and Aspergillus niger was studied using the agar disc diffusion
method. Both plant extracts hindered the growth of test organisms. Also, M.
paradisiaca extract suppressed Candida albicans more effectively
than Cocos nucifera crude extract with a wider zone of
inhibition (91). When
compared to nystatin, the extract of M. acuminata leaves in methanol
demonstrated superior antifungal actions on Staphylococcus epidermidis
at a dose of 60 mg/mL and on Trichophyton mentagrophytes at a concentration
of 40 mg/mL. The capacity points out that the methanol extract collected
from the leaves of M. acuminata served as a powerful antifungal agent
(111).
Antiurolithiasis Properties
The impact of M. paradisiaca stem juice on the formation of crystalline substances (stones) and the
anti-lithic properties was studied on urolithiasis rats. Oxalate synthesizing
enzymes, Glycollic acid oxidase, and Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were
significantly active in such rats. The extract treatment lowered the enzyme
activity, such as glycollic acid oxidase and urinary alkaline phosphatase,
reducing oxalate synthesis. There was a reduction in other enzymes like LDH,
inorganic pyrophosphatase, and -glucuronidase. There was a lowering in the
level of oxalate in the urine. Thus, the M.
paradisiaca extract
lowers the crystalline component formation (112). In a study, M.
paradisiaca and M.
sapientum pseudostem core were used to treat urinary stones for two weeks.
Results indicated the effectiveness of plant material in treating urolithiasis,
mostly that of calcium oxalate stones. Out of the 71 patients treated for 4
weeks, 20 had a complete cure, 43 patients had passed the different-sized
stones and 4 patients had reduced the number of calculi (113).
In a review, 103 plants have been reported to
show potent litholytic properties, of which M. bulbisiana roots and M.
paradisiaca ripe juice (kernel or the pulp) have been listed to have
litholytic properties (114). The role of ethanol extract of the banana corm Musa
(cultivar monthan) on urolithiasis rats (induced by ethylene glycol and
ammonium chloride) was studied concerning kidney stone crystal formation and
inhibition. The stone was analyzed spectrophotometrically, and the result
showed its efficiency in diuresis and promoting crystallization inhibition
(115). In vitro studies in calculi-induced albino rats using Musa
formulations (AAB) for treating renal calculi are well studied. The
administration of liquid Musa formulations reduced the size of kidney
stones significantly, as it contains organic constituents such as β-sitosterol, saponins, quercetin, tannins, and several inorganic
contents such as magnesium, potassium, and nitrate. Also, it is suggested that Musa
AAB liquid formulations may help overcome the disadvantage of several surgical
procedures that may follow due to stone recurrence (116).
The efficacy of Musa (banana) pseudostem ethanol extract used in
regulating ethylene glycol-induced urolithiasis in rats may be by inhibiting
various biochemical pathways associated with renal calcium oxalate metabolism
(formation), as well as its antioxidant property and the ability to inhibit
biochemical markers of renal impairment (117). Both aqueous and methanol
extracts from the fruit peel of Musa sapientum (as well as other plants
like Malus pumila, and Punica granatum) showed anti-urolithiatic
activity in experiments. The result is significant and can be used for treating
lithiasis (118). The anti-urolithiasis property of extract in methanol
collected from pseudostem of M. acuminate was studied using a
spectrophotometer in vitro nucleation and aggregation experiment and by
subsequent microscopic examination, showing its efficacy as an alternative
medication for kidney stones (119).
Antidepressant Properties
Depression is a mental disorder that affects the mood and thoughts of
more than 10% of the population (120) and shows a severe complication of
suicidal behavior. Banana peel contains several phytochemicals that can reduce
depression. In an experiment to study the antidepressant activity of bananas,
fruit paste was administered at concentrations of 5%, 10%, and 20% once daily
to Swiss mice for 15 days, and subsequently, the antidepressant property was
measured by the methods of Tail Suspension Test and Forced Swim Test. The
experiment indicated that the fruit paste could remarkably lower the time for
immobility in both tests. M. paradisiaca paste inhibited the
malondialdehyde and the Monoamine oxidase enzyme (121). Studies carried out in
Swiss albino mice showed that intake of extracts orally from green or yellow
banana peel (at 200 and 400 mg per kg, respectively) can be recommended for
treating depression (122). In a study with pulp and the banana peel extract (at
a dose of 600 mg per kg and 400 mg per kg, respectively) of Musa sapientum
on male albino mice for 14 days through oral administration, and further
assessment of its performance through forced swimming test, light and dark
activity and maze activity tests, it showed antianxiety, antidepressant, and
memory enhancement properties, possibly through phyto-antioxidants (123).
Though banana leaf extracts (M.sapientum) showed antidepressant
activity that may be mediated by α1-adrenergic and D2 dopaminergic receptors, no significant anxiolytic
effects were reported (124). The essential amino acid tryptophan for synthesizing
serotonin is very supportive in relaxing people, improving their mood, and
making them happy. Thus it can be used to treat depression (1, 125). Bananas
can be recommended for managing depression based on the 2:1 ratio of ώ 6 to ώ 3
fatty acids (126).
Hepatoprotective Properties
The role of M.paradisiaca in
supplementing hepatotoxic rats and the biochemical and histological effects
were studied in detail, including transaminase enzymes. Histological
examination of liver tissue sections revealed necrosis in hepatotoxic rats;
however, varying degrees of regeneration were noted in rats given M.
paradisiaca supplements (127). The alcoholic extract of M. paradisiaca stem at
dosages of 500 mg/kg, per organism. To a lesser extent, the aqueous extract at a
concentration of 500 mg/kg, per organism has a substantial recovery on the
liver of carbon tetra chloride and paracetamol caused hepatotoxic damage in
rats. The hepatic damage was reversed in these test organisms. It reduced
increased levels of various enzymes like serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase
and serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (128). Banana contains ferulic acid
(30). It acts as a strong hepatoprotective phytochemical and shows no side
effects (129, 31). The root extract (aqueous) of M. paradisiaca contains
bioactive compounds that can protect the liver and kidney from arsenic-caused
damage in albino rats (130).
Methanolic extract of Musa sapientum treated for 7 days in albino
rats exhibited a considerable lowering of ulcer index, and its ulcer protective
effect is similar to omeprazole and ranitidine even though more work is
essential to determine the true nature of the therapeutic of the plant (131).
Antiulcerative Properties
Leucocyanidin, an active antiulcer compound from the banana, M. paradisiaca protects
aspirin-induced ulcers. This natural flavonoid protects against aspirin-induced
damage to the gastric mucosa (132). The antiulcer activity of banana peel water
extract on male albino rats is due to the flavonoids (leucocyanidin), tannins,
and saponins. Plantain peel extract of 200 mg/Kg body weight showed the lowest
mean ulcer index and concluded that the peel extract could be used in
ethnomedicine (133). Several banana varieties from northeast Thailand are
reported to have a gastrointestinal protective effect against peptic ulcers,
with Palo and Hom varieties showing a pronounced effect (134). The ethanolic
extract of plantain elevated eicosanoid accumulation in the stomach and colonic
mucosa in a concentration-dependent manner, and the banana might have acted
possibly by making arachidonate available (135). The ulcer-curing actions of
unripe bananas, Musa sapientum, were investigated by many (136, 137) and
reported a flavonoid leucocyanidin that showed antiulcerogenic properties.
Administration of Musa sapientum aqueous extract in the prescribed
dosage helps to alleviate ulcers (137). It is almost a fact that banana juice
can help heal wounds and burns and relieve the pain of ulcers and other
gastrointestinal disorders, including acid secretion. The flavonoid
leucocyandine increases the mucosal membrane thickness of the stomach (1). A
pylorus ligation technique revealed that the methanol extract from M. paradisiaca shows
cytoprotective action on peptic ulcers caused by indomethacin (138).
Chloroform and ethanol extracts from the leaves of Musa sapientum lowered
the ulcer and ulcer index in ulcer-induced rats (139). The banana tepal and
peel extracts worked against ulcers by strengthening the stomach mucosa and
reducing gastric secretion acidity in ulcer-induced albino mice (140). When
treated with M. sapientum methanol extract, ulcer-induced rats showed
regeneration of epithelial tissues of the stomach from the third day. By the
twelfth day, the regeneration became almost complete. The healing of the ulcer
is attributed to the basic fibroblast growth factors (141). The banana flower
has several bioactive compounds and shows antiulcer properties (78).
Antidiarrhoeal Properties
Green bananas were used by the public to treat a number of digestive
issues, like childhood diarrhoea. Providing a solution with 50 g/L of plantain
flour and 3.5 g/L of sodium chloride to children suffering from acute
diarrhoeal diseases indicated good rehydration and antidiarrhoeal activity.
However, some children have noted decreases in blood sodium and potassium
levels (142). Also, in the same year, a comparative study of standard medical
care with banana flakes was found to be more effective in treating diarrhoea in
enterally fed patients. Banana's antidiarrheal activity might be due to its
pectin and other soluble fibers that serve as active antidiarrhoeal substances
(143). Children having persistent diarrhoea for 14 days showed that including
green bananas in the diet can increase the permeability of the intestine. The
increased permeability was proved with lactulose-mannitol drink given to
children and by subsequent recovery (after 5 hours) of increased urinary
mannitol and reduced lactulose content. Recovery of stool weight was reduced by
50%, and there was a drastic acceleration in the clinical recovery. Thus, the
green banana and the pectin's antidiarrhoeal effects are mediated by the
increased rate of the permeability of the small intestine, along with the known
colonotrophic properties (144). Green banana's antidiarrheal action is believed
to be due to its high starch content resistant to amylase, which gets fermented
to yield several short-chain fatty acids (SCF) in the colon that stimulate the
absorption of salt and water from the colon. The SCF thus produced is an
adaptive process as these fatty acids get absorbed in the epithelial cells of
the colon, which subsequently helps in the absorption and conservation of fluid
and electrolytes. Thus, adding resistant starch that produces SCF in the colon
to oral rehydration solution (ORS) might improve the efficiency of the ORS
given to children under 5 years suffering from acute diarrhea (145).
The antidiarrheal property of M. paradisiaca sap is
considered to be due to the presence of phytochemicals like alkaloids,
flavonoids, phenolics, and saponins of the sap that is responsible for the
increased absorption of fluid and electrolytes via de novo synthesis of
Na-K-ATPase pump (146). Unripe banana (M.paradisiaca) ethanol extract
has antidiarrheal activity (147). Studies showed castor oil-induced diarrhea of
rats’ stool consistency can be improved with unripe banana peel extract (BPE)
containing pectin and other active substances (148).
Wound-Healing Activity
Banana extracts have wonderful wound-healing capacity with its
antioxidant effect as well as due to the various wound healing biochemical
parameters (like enzyme activity of superoxide dismutase, reduced glutathione,
and lipid peroxidation as well as that related to connective tissue development
(like hexuronic acid, and quantity of hexosamine and hydroxyproline), it showed
that plantain banana extracts have significant healing capacity (149). It was
reported that the M. paradisiaca stem
exhibits a hemostatic effect. A 10% juice of plantain stem extract was
formulated to prepare an ointment and tried for the healing properties of rats.
It confirmed a prominent (p<0.05) enhancement in the healing process. When
the wound area closure (in %) was compared between plantain stem juice and
silver sulphadoxine, the plantain-based ointment showed 98.9±0.7% closure area,
and for the silver sulphadoxine was 100±0.00%. The results conclude the
efficiency of plantain-based ointment in healing wounds (150). The dermal
application of banana peel extract augments healing through vascular
endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which is released from degranulating
platelets in large amounts, and new capillary development occurs in the area.
An increased collagen concentration occurred in the wound area due to the
synthesis and deposition of new collagen (151), aiding in wound healing. There
is an increase in vascular and fibroblast proliferation (152). The flavonoids,
glycosides, and phenols of banana peel extracts have antibacterial and
anti-inflammatory properties (140).
The histopathological and clinical examinations were used to measure wound
healing by assessing the wound contraction rate and epithelialization of the
wound tissue in rabbits treated with banana peel extract (153). M. paradisiaca peel
extract exhibited wound-healing properties in male Wistar rats. The peel's
methanol and hexane extract showed better results. This ability is due to the
antioxidant property of phytochemicals like alkaloids, phenols, tannins, and
saponins in banana peel (154). Methanolic extract from M. paradisiaca Linn. stem
exhibited greater wound healing ability in albino rats (97). Unripe peel
extract has pharmacological properties and decreased WBC counts (155). Kepok
banana (M.
paradisiaca L) peel extract has saponins
(that show hemostatic properties), tannins (that show vasoconstrictive
properties), and flavonoids (also affect blood capillaries) that can stop
bleeding, and these bioactive phytochemicals of the peel can be used for
healing wounds (156).
Antihyperlipidemic
Activity
Banana also exhibits antilipidemic activity. The excretion of bile acid
and neutral sterols is found to be higher in fiber-fed (from unripe banana)
rats. The neutral detergent fiber from M. paradisiaca can lower
cholesterol absorption in rabbits (157). Administration of flavonoids orally
isolated from unripe banana (M. paradisiaca) fruits at a concentration
of 1 mg per 100 grams body weight/day has a prominent hypolipidemic action in
male rats. The quantity of different fats (like cholesterol, phospholipid, and
triacylglycerol) significantly decreases in the brain, kidney, and liver (158).
The structural similarity of cholesterol with banana phytosterol is also
well-accepted. Reports showed that phytosterol replaces the cholesterol in the
gut during absorption, thereby reducing the blood cholesterol level (159). Soluble
and insoluble components of dietary fiber of banana pulp showed cholesterol
lowering property in male rats (160)
The effects of flavonoid, saponin, and tannin present in banana peel of
Kepok variety extract in obese male mice, Mus musculus L. (at a
concentration of 200 mg per kg body weight) in lowering the level of total
cholesterol was established (39). In rats supplemented with M. paradisiaca
(at a dose of 10, 20, and 30%) for 21 days, total serum cholesterol was lowered,
thus showing an antihyperlipidemic effect of banana (162). Consuming fresh and
dried banana peels may modify the risk of acute liver failure patients. A
significant increase in HDL-c was observed in all acute liver failure albino
rats administrated with dried banana peels (161). Studies show that ripe banana
extract is high in aliphatic alcohols, fatty acids (both ω-3 and ω-6), and
α-tocopherol, supporting a healthy life (163). All these works emphasize that
bananas can easily step into biologically active functional foods, and its
inflorescence can be economically consumed as food and medicine (24). In
diabetic rats, Kepok banana peel extract shows an antihyperlipidemic effect
(164).
Antihypertensive Activity
Fruit preparations reduced heart rate and mean arterial blood pressure in
normal albino rats and in rats previously treated with deoxycorticosterone
acetate (DOCA), providing evidence for blood pressure-lowering action. Thus, bananas
can lower DOCA-induced increased arterial pressure and hypertension in rats
(165). The studies with plantain extract on rats' isolated aorta and portal
veins showed that the extract has a direct effect by relaxing the noradrenaline
and KCl-contracted aortic rings (166). Banana is reported to decrease both
systolic and diastolic blood pressure changes induced by cold stress. The
activity of plasma angiotensin-converting enzymes (ACE) is reduced
considerably. The poovan variety of banana has a high inhibitory effect on ACE
(167). Results of a study with 20 randomly selected women of age group 19-22,
daily intake of one banana (Musa acuminata) for 7 days showed a lowering
of blood pressure in the cold stress test (168). The most important
phytochemicals in bananas are inhibitors of angiotensin-converting enzyme
(ACE). Ripened banana varieties like nendran, poovan, robusta rasthali, safed
velchin, and bontha effectively inhibited the enzyme ACE, with nendran as a
strong inhibitor. However, unripe bananas showed only a weak response (169). Notably, M. paradisiaca fruit consumption
reduced the increase in systolic, diastolic, and arterial blood pressure
induced by cold stress. There is a significant drop in plasma ACE activity,
implying that the observed blood pressure-lowering effects were due to
suppression of this enzyme activity (169).
The potassium in bananas effectively regulates blood pressure by reducing
the effect of sodium. Therefore, consuming bananas can help to reduce the
feeling of thirst along with muscle weakness caused by potassium deficiency.
Incorporating banana juice in the food may reduce blood pressure and protect
elderly persons from degenerative disease (170). M. paradisiaca has an
antihypertensive effect in albino rats and was found to lower arterial blood
pressure and prevent the onset of increased blood pressure caused by DOCA injection
in rats (171, 172). Banana’s low salt content helps regulate blood pressure and
prevent strokes (125). A study among hypertensive individuals reported that the
phytochemicals in bananas efficiently reduced both systolic and diastolic blood
pressures. However, more clinical studies in humans are recommended to provide
efficacy evidence (173). Many studies also suggested that the intake of bananas
significantly lowers blood pressure in elderly persons (174-176).
Antiatherosclerotic Activity
M. paradisiaca inhibits
in vitro cholesterol crystallization and nucleation. The plaque contains
cholesterol monohydrate, and M. paradisiaca showed anti-atherosclerotic
effects in diet-induced atherosclerosis (177). Treatment with M. paradisiaca
peel extract (at a concentration of 100 mg/Kg) to atherosclerosis-induced
Wistar albino male rats ameliorates several biochemical changes caused by the
atherogenic diet, indicating the role of peel extract against induced
atherosclerosis and thyroid dysfunction (178). An extensive study conducted in
Indonesia proposed that Ambon banana peel extract inhibits the atherosclerosis
process and can be considered a therapeutic material for the prevention of
atherosclerosis (179).
Antiallergic Activity
Methanol extract of M. paradisiaca stem has anti-inflammatory
properties on chemically induced acute edema, like dextran-caused paw edema
(180). The powder of the pseudostem of M. paradisiaca displayed an
antiallergic potential in rats when treated daily by oral administration (181).
The bronchospasm induced in guinea pigs with histamine or acetylcholine is
reduced considerably with treatment using hydroalcoholic extract of M.
paradisiaca flower (p<0.001) (182). The study on mice and human
macrophages with banana inflorescence extract showed that the inflorescence
extract exhibits antiallergic properties and reduced expression of CD86 and
HLA-DR receptors on human M1 macrophages, inhibiting eosinophil migration
(183).
Anthelmintic Activity
Compared to the usual medication piperazine citrate, the anti-helminthic
activity of the corm of banana ethanol extract is dose-dependent and more
effective. The anthelmintic qualities of M. paradisiaca cv. Puttabale’s
ethanol extracts on Pheretima posthuma are dose-dependent, with a
concentration of 100 mg/mL showing a paralyzing time of 42.33 minutes and a
death time of 54 minutes, compared to 39.67 minutes for paralysis and 59
minutes for death with piperazine citrate (184). The anthelmintic property of
banana peel methanol extract (40 mg/mL) showed the quickest duration for the
paralysis and subsequent death of worms compared to the standard drug,
albendazole, suggesting the use of banana peels in helminth infestations (185).
Sheep fed with dried ground banana leaves may experience a decrease in the
survival of Trichostrongylus colubriformis eggs, which is potentially valuable
for integrated parasite control strategies (186). A study on the anthelmintic
activity of Kepok banana peel extract revealed the highest mortality rate
against Ascaridia galli after 10 hours of treatment with a 75%
concentration of ethanol extract (187). Aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Musa
balbisiana Colla leaves had 100% egg-hatching inhibition rates of Haemonchus
contortus, while peel and roots showed 93.7% and 62% inhibition,
respectively (188).
Menstrual Pain Relief Activity
Banana flowers contain several bioactive compounds like tannins,
myoinositol phosphate, vitamin C, and α-tocopherol and are used to
treat issues associated with menstrual bleeding and to facilitate lactation
(78). Consuming cooked banana blossoms has been used since ancient times to
reduce painful bleeding and alleviate muscle cramps by regulating progesterone
hormone levels. Reports suggest banana blossoms may benefit women with
polycystic ovarian syndrome (189). The antihemorrhagic action of banana
blossoms has also been reported, and the flowers can be used as an infusion to
alleviate discomfort during menstruation (1).
Hair Growth-Promoting Property
The ability of M. paradisiaca unripe fruit extract to stimulate
hair growth was assessed in rats, where hair length and follicles were analyzed
over 30 days. The study proved that the extract from unripe M. paradisiaca
fruit could potentially promote hair development (190). Bananas are rich in
natural oils, carbohydrates, vitamins, and potassium, contributing to hair
softness, preventing breakage and split ends, and maintaining its elasticity
and health. Using bananas on hair can enhance shine, promote growth, and help
prevent dandruff (1). In a study with banana flower extract, there was an
increase in hair root diameter, reduced hair loss, and decreased scalp redness,
indicating its potential to stimulate hair growth and inhibit genes associated
with hair loss while promoting hair-growth-related genes (191).
Conclusions
M. paradisiaca Linn. has survived ages and has a global distribution
throughout tropical regions. The fruit satiates hunger and contributes
immensely towards nutrition. The presence of carbohydrates, proteins,
flavonoids, sterol glycoside, vitamins, minerals, and catecholamines gives it
medicinal and dietetic properties. Several parts of the plant have been
exploited for treating cancer, diabetes, depression,
diarrhea, urolithiasis, and ulcers. It can also be used as an antibacterial,
antiviral, antihyperlipidemia, and hepatoprotective agent. Its use for managing
hypertension, atherosclerosis, hair problems and hair growth, wound healing,
and many other activities has also been well studied. The available primary
information paves the foundation for further phyto-analytical studies and
clinical and toxicity evaluations. The future of M. paradisiaca
lies in its ability to bridge food security, medicine, and sustainability. With
the right scientific validation, it could become a cornerstone of global health
solutions, offering affordable, natural alternatives to synthetic medicines and
contributing to both preventative healthcare and treatments. Trends point
towards its greater integration into the wellness, food, and pharmaceutical
industries, supported by advances in phytoanalytical research and sustainable
practices.
The
Banana (Musa paradisiaca Linn., Family: Musaceae) is one of the oldest
and most widely cultivated fruit plants, dating back to prehistoric times.
Bananas are rich in minerals and phytochemicals, contributing to their
significant culinary, nutritional, and medicinal properties. This review
analyzes 191 peer-reviewed articles
published between 1981 and July 2023 to comprehensively assess the health
benefits of bananas. Studies highlight their effectiveness in reducing
inflammation, cancer, diabetes, depression, diarrhea, urolithiasis, and ulcers.
Additionally, bananas exhibit antibacterial, antiviral, antihyperlipidemic,
antiatherosclerotic, hepatoprotective, hair-growing, wound-healing, and
antihypertensive properties. The articles were sourced from databases such as
PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar using keywords like Musa paradisiaca,
health benefits, inflammation, cancer, diabetes, and phytochemicals. Inclusion
criteria included original research, clinical trials, in vitro and in vivo
studies, and reviews focused on banana’s medicinal properties, while
non-peer-reviewed papers and studies not directly related to Musa
paradisiaca were excluded. This review reinforces the comprehensive
health-promoting benefits of bananas and sets the stage for future research,
which should focus on large-scale clinical trials, phytochemical
standardization, and sustainable utilization of banana plant components.
Bananas hold immense potential as both a functional food and a medicinal plant,
making them a promising subject for future studies in nutraceuticals and
sustainable agriculture.
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