Sciences of Pharmacy

RESEARCH ARTICLE

• research article

  Larvicidal Activity of Red Betel Leaves (Piper ornatum) Ethanolic Extract Against Mosquito Larvae

  Amelia Soyata, Khoirunnisa Khoirunnisa, Sabda Wahab

  Larvae are the initial carriers of dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) and culex, making them significant in disease transmission. Excessive chemical larvicides pose serious risks to human health, thus driving the development of biological alternatives like red betel leaf extract. This study aimed to assess the efficacy of red betel leaf extract in larval control. Using 300 larvae, concentrations of 5%, 6%, and 7% were tested with three replicates over 24 h. The bioassay involved placing the larvae into a plastic container filled with the extract. It was found that ethanol extract from Piper ornatum leaves contained alkaloids, tannins, saponins, flavonoids, and terpenoids. After 24 h, results revealed 83% mortality at 5%, 98% at 6%, and 100% at 7% of extract concentration. Consequently, the 7% concentration showed the fastest efficacy in killing mosquito larvae (100% in 50 min). The LC50 value, representing the concentration at which 50% of larvae are killed, was determined to be 0.04%. Additionally, the LT50 value, indicating the time required to kill 50% of larvae (based on the LC50 value), was found to be 3.34 hours. In conclusion, red betel leaf extract demonstrated promising larvicidal activity against mosquito larvae. Future research is anticipated to prove its safety via in vitro and in vivo test.

  Sciences of Pharmacy

  13 Jun 2024

  5 pages
• research article

  Effect of Combination of Porang and Moringa Flour on Blood Glucose Levels and Body Weight in Rats

  Dian Ratih Laksmitawati, Umi Marwati, Fauzia Noprima Okta, Citra Prastuti Partana

  Porang tuber is rich in fiber and low in calories of carbohydrates. Moringa oleifera leaf has a high protein and a low content of lipids. Obesity and diabetes mellitus are the risk factors of cardiovascular disease, also known as cardiovascular disease risk factors. Combining of porang and moringa as feed can increase nutrition without causing weight gain. This study aims to determine these two materials as antidiabetic and antiobesity agents. The samples are porang tuber, a combination of porang tuber and M. oleifera leaves, a combination of M. oleifera leaves and wheat flour, wheat flour, and standard feed of mice. The parameters tested in this study are analysis of macronutrients of feed, loss of weight of mice, average consuming feed in 28 days, and reduction of blood glucose with a glucometer. The results obtained are a combination of porang tuber and moringa had a low contain carbohydrates and a high contain lipids and protein, can reduction in body weight of 21%, the lowest consumption of feed, and the lowest fasting and postprandial blood glucose levels compared to the other feeds. A combination of porang and moringa can be an antidiabetic and antiobesity agent.

  Sciences of Pharmacy

  2 Apr 2024

  7 pages
• 

  research article

  Bioactive Compounds of Rosa canina L. and Their Effect on Tumor Necrosis Factor-α and Interleukin-1β Activity in Diabetes-Induced Rats
  

  İlayda Sezin YALÇINKAYA, Onur AKTAN, Leyla AÇIK, Gülnihal KULAKSIZ ERKMEN, NILUFER VURAL, Sibel KAYMAK, Yiğit Can ATEŞ

  The ethnopharmacological significance of Rosa canina, or dog rose, transcends diverse cultures, with traditional applications in treating various diseases. This study investigates the potential pharmacological application of R. canina for diabetes treatment, aiming to assess its antidiabetic properties through in vitro, in vivo, and in silico analyses targeting pro-cytokines. Biochemical profiling utilizing HPLC, and phenolic content analyses were conducted to reveal the antioxidant properties of R. canina. In diabetic rats, root extracts influenced the expression of TNF-α and IL-1β, with an exploration of DNA-binding and protective activities. DPPH scavenging and iron chelating activities were measured, identifying significant IC50 values. The chromatographic analysis identified various compounds, with Kaempferol 3-O-glucoside and Rutin exhibiting high inhibitory activity against TNF-alpha. In silico analyses highlighted inhibitory activities by molecular docking against TNF-α and IL-1β (PDB IDs 2AZ5 and 9ILB, respectively) and their drug potential based on ADMET properties. The obtained results have demonstrated a significant decrease in blood glucose levels in mice through the reduction of TNF-α and IL-1β mediated diabetic processes, facilitated by the R. canina extract. In conclusion, this study exploring the effects of R. canina extracts on diabetic rats have provided valuable insights into its potential therapeutic benefits. The observed reductions in blood glucose levels, improvements in lipid profiles, and modulation of antioxidant activity highlight its promising role in managing diabetes-related complications. Further research is warranted to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and optimize the dosage regimens for harnessing the full therapeutic potential of R. canina extracts in diabetes management.

  Sciences of Pharmacy

  2 May 2024

  15 pages
• research article

  Nanosuspension Formula of Curcuma xanthorriza Rhizome Dry Extract: Impact of Tween 80-PEG 400 Ratio

  Moch Futuchul Arifin, Elza Shafira, Yuslia Noviani, Yesi Desmiaty, Fauzia Noprima Okta

  Our previous research investigated nanosuspension using the ionic gelation method with a 2:1 ratio of chitosan to sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP) and 0.44% Curcuma xanthorriza rhizome extract. The results indicated an unstable nanosuspension with a particle size of 399.3 nm, a polydispersity index of 0.60, and an entrapment efficiency of 73.37%. This study aims to develop a nanosuspension using Tween 80-PEG 400 to improve the characteristics and dissolution at pH 6.8. Curcuma rhizome was macerated with 96% ethanol and dried using a spray dryer. The nanosuspension formulation was designed using a 2² factorial design with Tween 80 (0.1%-0.4%) and PEG 400 (0.1%-0.4%) as factors, and the formulation was analyzed using Minitab 18. The dissolution of the optimum formulation was tested. The best formulation, comprising 0.1% Tween 80 and 0.4% PEG 400, provided a spherical shape, a particle size of 111.26 nm, a polydispersity index of 0.27, a zeta potential of 30.77 mV, an entrapment efficiency of 84.30%, and a desirability value of 0.9058. The release of curcumin at pH 6.8 after 180 minutes was 37.85% ± 0.1375 with a DE180 of 83.60% ± 0.1457. The 2² factorial design proved effective for enhancing formulation attributes. Based on the result obtained, it can be concluded that the best formulation contains 0.1% Tween 80 and 0.4% PEG 400, with zero-order release kinetics and a diffusion mechanism.

  Sciences of Pharmacy

  10 Jun 2024

  8 pages
• research article

  Characterization, In Silico Antimalarial, Antiinflammatory, Antioxidant, and ADMET Assessment of Neonauclea excelsa Merr.

  Neksumi Musa, Mubarak Muhammad Dahiru, Enoch Buba Badgal

  In our study, we identified the phytoconstituents and carried out antimalarial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and ADMET assessments of Neonauclea excelsa. The phytochemicals were detected and quantified followed by identification via GC-MS. The antimalaria, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant assessments were done by molecular docking (MD) and molecular dynamics simulation (MDS) while ADMET by ADMET predictions. Saponins (27.33% ±1.20) and terpenes (8.33% ±0.73) were detected while alkaloids, steroids, glycosides, and flavonoids were absent. Exactly 29 compounds were identified with squalene being the most abundant (32.41%). Compound II exhibited the lowest BA (-6.4 kcal/mol) and Ki (20.12 µM), interacting with dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase. IV exhibited the lowest respective BA and Ki interacting with Plasmodium falciparum hexose transporter protein 1 (-6.2 kcal/mol and 28.20 µM), cyclo-oxygenase-2 (-7.2 kcal/mol and 5.21 µM), and myeloperoxidase (-7.4 kcal/mol and 3.71 µM). Compound VII had the lowest respective BA and Ki interacting with inducible nitric oxide synthase (-8.0 kcal/mol and 1.35 µM), xanthine oxidase (-7.2 kcal/mol and 5.21 µM), and cytochrome p450 21A2 (-7.0 kcal/mol and 7.30 µM). The MDS showed various cluster mobilities and residue fluctuations up to 5.26, 2.96, 5.10, 3.51, 5.02, 4.65, and 6.18 Å for dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase, Plasmodium falciparum hexose transporter protein 1, inducible nitric oxide synthase (INOS), cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX2), xanthine oxidase (XO), cytochrome p450 21A2, and myeloperoxidase, respectively. Additionally, these compounds demonstrated good pharmacological properties with minimal toxicity. Conclusively, the identified compounds might be significant contributors to the antimalarial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activity of N. excelsa and are good sources of novel antimalarial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant drugs.

  Sciences of Pharmacy

  8 May 2024

  16 pages