Abstract: Persahabatan General Hospital provides a variety of healthcare services, including outpatient care. Medication errors are errors in the prescribing, dispensing, and administration process that can be considered risk factors for patients. This study aims to evaluate medication errors in the transcription and dispensing phases of outpatient e-prescriptions at Persahabatan General Hospital during the period January - February 2024. This research is a descriptive observational study with a cross-sectional design. Data were collected through prospective observation and analyzed descriptively to determine the percentage of medication errors. Of the 363 e-prescriptions observed, the results showed no errors in the transcribing phase. However, in the dispensing phase, there were 50 (6.07%) incidents of incorrect preparing quantity of medicine, 8 (0.97%) incidents of incorrect medicine medical equipment, and 7 (0.85%) incidents of incorrect dosage. These findings suggest that although the implementation of e-prescribing is effective in reducing errors at the transcription phase, special attention must be paid to the dispensing phase to reduce the number of errors. There is a correlation between polypharmacy and medication errors in the dispensing phase, p-value <0.001. All of these errors are resolved before the medication is administered to the patient. Show less...

Abstract: Pandan leaves (Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb.) possess various biological activities due to their secondary metabolites, including flavonoids, alkaloids, phenolics, saponins, and triterpenoids/steroids. This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial and antifungal activities of pandan leaf extracts, fractions, and isolates against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pityrosporum ovale, as well as to optimize surfactants in shampoo formulations. The experimental design used a post-test-only control group. Samples were processed through maceration, followed by fractionation and isolation using the KLT-P method. Antibacterial and antifungal activities were assessed using the agar well diffusion method. The most effective antibacterial activity against E. coli was observed in the n-hexane isolate at 700 ppm, with an inhibition zone of 19.6 mm, classified as strong. For S. aureus, the 100% water fraction produced an inhibition zone of 9.96 mm, classified as weak. The ethanol extract showed antifungal activity against P. ovale with an inhibition zone of 6.29 mm, categorized as moderate. Shampoo formulation optimization using sodium lauryl sulfate and cocamide DEA resulted in an ideal ratio of 0.235 to 0.764. This combination produced a shampoo with acceptable physical characteristics, including a pH of 5.71, foam height of 2.56 cm, and viscosity of 899.9 cps, all of which met the standard requirements. Show less...