Sciences of Phytochemistry Archives (Volume 3 Issue 1)

Maryam Mahmud Dauda, Garba Dauda, Sakynah Musa Abdullahi, Hadiza sada, Mohammed Ibrahim Sule, Halimatu Sadiya Hassan, Aliyu Muhammad Musa. Inhibition of Phospholipase A2 by Dihydrostilbene Glycoside Isolated from the Ethyl Acetate Fraction of Indigofera capitata: Structural Insights from IR and NMR. Sciences of Phytochemistry. 2025; 3(1):55-67.

Abstract: Snakebites and subsequent envenomations remain a significant health challenge, especially in rural regions of underdeveloped countries, where they contribute to high mortality rates. In Nigeria, particularly in rural areas, the scarcity of healthcare facilities and antivenoms exacerbates the issue. Show more...

Abstract: Snakebites and subsequent envenomations remain a significant health challenge, especially in rural regions of underdeveloped countries, where they contribute to high mortality rates. In Nigeria, particularly in rural areas, the scarcity of healthcare facilities and antivenoms exacerbates the issue. Rural communities commonly seek traditional plant-based remedies due to their affordability and cultural significance. This study investigates the ethyl acetate fraction of Indigofera capitata, a plant traditionally used to treat snakebites, for its potential to inhibit phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activity. Chromatographic separation of the ethyl acetate fraction led to the isolation of a greenish solid substance, coded MM2, identified as 3-methoxyl, 5, 4', 5' trihydroxyl, 6' pentyl-4-O-glycopyranoside through chromatographic and spectroscopic methods. The inhibition of PLA2 was assessed using an in vitro acidimetric assay. Compound MM2 was tested at 1 mg/mL, 0.1 mg/mL, and 0.01 mg/mL. The highest inhibition of 47.37% was observed at 1 mg/mL. At 0.1 mg/mL, the inhibition decreased to 36.84%, indicating reduced efficacy. Interestingly, at 0.01 mg/mL, the inhibition returned to 47.37%, suggesting that the enzyme inhibition by MM2 is concentration-independent within the tested range. The promising PLA2 inhibition observed with compound MM2 supports its potential as an antivenom agent. This research highlights the therapeutic potential of I. capitata in addressing the global snakebite crisis. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report documenting this compound's isolation, characterization, and antivenin screening. Show less...

Antivenin Dihydrostilbene Indigofera conferta Isolation Snake venom

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Rezky Yanuarty, Muthmainnah Tuldjanah, Ayu Wulandari. Aphrodisiac Activity of Clove Leaves (Syzygium aromaticum L.) Ethanol Extract and Fractions in Wistar rats. Sciences of Phytochemistry. 2024; 3(1):54-59.

Abstract: Erectile dysfunction (ED) and premature ejaculation are prevalent male sexual dysfunctions affecting various age groups. This study explores the potential aphrodisiac effects of Clove leaves (Syzygium aromaticum L.), a plant rich in secondary metabolites, including alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, a Show more...

Abstract: Erectile dysfunction (ED) and premature ejaculation are prevalent male sexual dysfunctions affecting various age groups. This study explores the potential aphrodisiac effects of Clove leaves (Syzygium aromaticum L.), a plant rich in secondary metabolites, including alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, and steroids. Fractionation of the ethanol extract yielded n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and water fractions. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, and saponins in the water fraction, while steroids were detected in the ethanol extract, ethyl acetate, and n-hexane fractions. In vivo tests on male rats demonstrated that the ethanol extract, n-hexane, and ethyl acetate fractions significantly reduced mounting latency (ML), increased mounting frequency (MF), and accelerated intromission latency (IL), indicating heightened sexual arousal and endurance. Moreover, these fractions delayed ejaculatory latency (EL) and increased ejaculation frequency (EF), akin to the positive control, X-Gra. Notably, the n-hexane fraction showed the closest efficacy to X-Gra. The presence of steroids in the active fractions suggests their role in eliciting aphrodisiac effects. Further isolation and purification of the active compound(s) may optimize therapeutic outcomes. This study underscores the potential of Clove leaf fractions as natural aphrodisiacs, warranting further investigation for clinical applications. Show less...

Erectile dysfunction (ED) Aphrodisiac effects Clove leaves (Syzygium aromaticum L.) Phytochemical screening Male sexual dysfunction Herbal aphrodisiacs

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Emmanuel Uronnachi, Onyinyechi Okpalaku, Chidalu Ikeotuonye. Lemon Oil Enhances the Anti-Rheumatic Activity of Woody Essential Oils in Formaldehyde-Induced Arthritis in Wistar Rats. Sciences of Phytochemistry. 2024; 3(1):44-53.

Abstract: Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is a major challenge, especially in the elderly. Many orthodox drugs have been helpful in managing the disease; however, deleterious side effects have been reported. Essential oils have been shown to exhibit anti-arthritic properties. This study highlights and compares the Show more...

Abstract: Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is a major challenge, especially in the elderly. Many orthodox drugs have been helpful in managing the disease; however, deleterious side effects have been reported. Essential oils have been shown to exhibit anti-arthritic properties. This study highlights and compares the chemical composition and anti-arthritic activities of essential oils from Citrus limon, Zingiber officinale, and Curcuma longa. Twenty-seven Wister rats of both sexes were divided into 9 groups of three animals each. Acute non-immunological arthritis was induced by a sub-plantar injection of 0.1 mL formaldehyde (2% v/v). The animals were treated topically with essential oils extracted by hydro-distillation and analyzed by gas chromatography. Measurement of paw volumes was done daily for 10 days using the volume displacement method. Ginger oil and turmeric oil achieved a 100% reduction in paw volume from the 8th day (p<0.05). The coconut oil as carrier for the essential oils exhibited sub-optimal reductions when administered alone as a control. Combinations of the oils showed an antagonistic effect in the ginger/turmeric oil blend, while the essential blends of turmeric/lemon and ginger/lemon oil performed better than the individual oils. The findings from this study showed that the woody essential oils (ginger and turmeric) exhibited the greatest anti-arthritic activity of all the oil treatment groups. Terpenes like ar-turmerone, turmerone, zingiberene, and D-limonene may have been responsible for the activities observed with the turmeric, ginger, and lemon essential oils, respectively. Lemon, ginger, and turmeric essential oils are effective for the management of rheumatoid arthritis. Show less...

Essential oils Arthritis Ginger oil Lemon oil, Turmeric oil Paw reduction

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Hauwau Abubakar, Albashir Tahir, Aminu Kura Umar. Boswellia dalzielii Methanol Stem Bark Extract Demonstrates Significant Analgesic Activity in Swiss Albino Mice. Sciences of Phytochemistry. 2024; 3(1):38-43.

Abstract: Medicinal plants are gaining popularity as safer and more natural alternatives to orthodox medicines for managing health challenges and diseases. One such plant is Boswellia dalzielii, a renowned tree in northern Nigeria extensively used due to its ethnomedicinal importance. To determine the analges Show more...

Abstract: Medicinal plants are gaining popularity as safer and more natural alternatives to orthodox medicines for managing health challenges and diseases. One such plant is Boswellia dalzielii, a renowned tree in northern Nigeria extensively used due to its ethnomedicinal importance. To determine the analgesic properties of Boswellia dalzielii methanol extract (BDME), the extract was screened in mice using thermal and acetic acid-induced pain models. The extract's acute toxicity and phytochemical constituents were determined using standard protocols. The results showed that the acute toxicity of the methanol stem bark extract was greater than 2000 mg/kg. Phytochemical screening of BDME revealed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and glycosides. The extract, at the dose of 50 mg/kg significantly (p < 0.05) prolonged the pain reaction time at 15 and 30 minutes in the hot plate test, and reduced acetic acid-induced writhing at the 12.5, 25, and 50 mg/kg doses. The analgesic activity of the extract may be attributed to the phytochemical contents. The findings suggest that BDME have analgesic properties and could be beneficial in alleviating painful conditions. Show less...

Boswellia dalzielii Methanol stem bark extract Analgesic properties Ethnomedicine Medicinal plants

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İsmihan GÖZE, Sibel KAYMAK, Nilüfer VURAL. Chemical profiling of essential oils: Investigations into modulating milk production in dairy cows using in silico methods. Sciences of Phytochemistry. 2024; 3(1):27-37.

Abstract: This study aimed to assess the biological and biotherapeutic activities of essential oils derived from the medicinal plants Tanacetum vulgare L., Myrtus communis L. subsp. communis L., and Pimpinella flabellifolia (Boiss.) Benth. Et Hook. ex Drude. Plant samples were systematically collected from th Show more...

Abstract: This study aimed to assess the biological and biotherapeutic activities of essential oils derived from the medicinal plants Tanacetum vulgare L., Myrtus communis L. subsp. communis L., and Pimpinella flabellifolia (Boiss.) Benth. Et Hook. ex Drude. Plant samples were systematically collected from the Sivas region of Türkiye. Subsequently, essential oils were extracted using a Clevenger-type apparatus, and their compositions were assessed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. Then, antioxidant activities of the essential oil samples were investigated using β-carotene-linoleic acid and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assays. Furthermore, the antimicrobial activity of these species was assessed via the disc diffusion assay. Finally, the potential effects of the essential oil compositions from these plants on milk production in dairy cows were analyzed through in-silico methods. Show less...

Essential oil Antioxidant activity Antimicrobial activity Dairy cows In silico

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Mohamed Said Rajab. In Silico Larvicidal Activity Study of Six Limonoids Against Mosquito Larvae (Aedes aegypti L.) Ecdysone Receptor Protein. Sciences of Phytochemistry. 2024; 3(1):20-26.

Abstract: In an earlier study, six limonoids namely pyroangolensolide, calodendrolide, limonin, limonin diosphenol, harrisonin and pedonin were reported to exhibit varying larvicidal activity against Aedes aegypti L. second instar larvae. The degraded limonoids exhibited a higher larvicidal activity relative Show more...

Abstract: In an earlier study, six limonoids namely pyroangolensolide, calodendrolide, limonin, limonin diosphenol, harrisonin and pedonin were reported to exhibit varying larvicidal activity against Aedes aegypti L. second instar larvae. The degraded limonoids exhibited a higher larvicidal activity relative to the more complex compounds. To investigate this observation at the relevant Aedes aegypti L. receptor level, the six limonoids were subjected to an in silico docking study to evaluate the binding characteristics of the selected limonoids in the ecdysone receptor (EcR) protein (PDB code 1z5x). This was compared with the binding affinity of the dipteran specific ecdysone agonist, RH 5849 (1,2-Dibenzoyl-1-tert-butylhydrazine). The EcR protein1z5x-LBP was identified from literature data. The binding energies of the ligands docked in the EcR protein 1z5x-LBP ranged from 3.0 to -9.1 kcal/mol and the dissociation constants (Kd) ranged from 2.10×10-7 M to 1.59×10+2 M. RH 5849 had a binding energy of -8.9 kcal/mol which was comparable with those displayed by pyroangolensolide (-9.1 kcal/mol) and calodendrolide (-9.0 kcal mol). Two pharmacophoric factors were important in the observed binding: (a) the hydrogen-bonding interactions by the residues Arg 271, Arg 275 Tyr 296. Thr231 and Ala 286 and (b) the hydrophobic pocket residues Met 268, Met 272, Met 269, Phe 285, and Leu 308. The binding affinities of the selected limonoids in the EcR pocket compared well with the observed larvicidal activity as reported earlier and in the literature. This study offers an opportunity to develop structurally simpler and specific receptor targeted larvicides against Aedes aegypti L. Show less...

Limonoids Receptor protein 1z5x Molecular docking Larvicidal activity

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Emmanuel Eimiomodebheki Odion, Godfavour Nzubechukwu Nwigwe, Daniel Akpe-Efiak Ambe, Monica Nnenna Nnamani, Chinyelu Clementina Osigwe, Eravweroso Congrat Odiete, Loveth Uchechukwu Iyanyi. Phytochemical Profiling of Passiflora edulis Vines. Sciences of Phytochemistry. 2024; 3(1):11-19.

Abstract: Over time Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa (PEFF) have been utilized in traditional medicine for the treatment of different health ailments. This study aims to identify the phytochemical constituents in the vines of PEFF responsible for its traditional usage. Maceration in methanol was used in the ex Show more...

Abstract: Over time Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa (PEFF) have been utilized in traditional medicine for the treatment of different health ailments. This study aims to identify the phytochemical constituents in the vines of PEFF responsible for its traditional usage. Maceration in methanol was used in the extraction of the powdered vines and standard procedures were also used to screen for its phytochemical contents. Two chromatographic techniques such as High Pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and Gas Chromatography - Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) were exploited to identify and quantify the phytoconstituents in the methanol extract. Phytochemical screening showed alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, tannins, steroids, saponins and terpenoids in the vines of PEFF. Prominent compound revealed by HPLC analysis include pyrogallol (18.64%), ferulic acid (13.71%), ellagic acid (12.88%), salicylic acid (10.83%), ribalinidine (10.50%) and cresol (9.67%). While the GC-MS analysis showed Octadec-9-enoic acid (67.78%); 3-methylindole-2-carboxlic acid,4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-, ethyl ester (16.89%) and 3-aminopyrrolidine (14.52%). Thus, the vines of PEFF contain phytoconstituents responsible for it use in traditional medicine. Show less...

Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry High Pressure Liquid Chromatography Passiflora edulis vine Phytochemicals

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Mubarak Muhammad Dahiru, Abubakar Sadiq Umar, Musa Muhammad, Asma'u Abubakar Waziri, Ibrahim Ishaq Fari, Zuwaira Yusuf Musa. Phytoconstituents, Fourier-Transform Infrared Characterization, and Antioxidant Potential of Ethyl Acetate Extract of Corchorus olitorius (Malvaceae). Sciences of Phytochemistry. 2024; 3(1):1-10.

Abstract: Oxidative stress is a condition that is characterized by the generation of reactive oxygen species more than the amount endogenous antioxidants can absorb. Several diseases are associated with oxidative stress, notably during disease progression. Thus, the present study aimed to determine the phytoc Show more...

Abstract: Oxidative stress is a condition that is characterized by the generation of reactive oxygen species more than the amount endogenous antioxidants can absorb. Several diseases are associated with oxidative stress, notably during disease progression. Thus, the present study aimed to determine the phytoconstituents and antioxidant potential of the ethyl acetate leaf extract of Corchorus olitorius (ELEC). The phytochemicals were qualitatively and quantitatively determined, followed by characterization using Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The antioxidant potential was determined in vitro. Alkaloids, saponins, and flavonoids were detected in concentrations of 8.50 ±2.65, 11.83 ±0.73, and 19.17% ±0.73, respectively. The FTIR spectrum revealed 9 peaks including six at the group frequency region corresponding to alcohols, carboxylic acid, amine salts, alkenes, alkyne, esters, and oxime functional groups. The ELEC exhibited lower total reducing power (11.06 ±1.34 AAE µg/ml) compared to its total antioxidant capacity (49.26 ±2.44 AAE µg/ml) with a higher (60.47% ±2.44) percentage inhibition of peroxidation than AA (37.98% ±1.88). Furthermore, the ELEC exhibited a lower (0.20 ±0.01 nmol/ml) MDA concentration than AA (0.42 ±0.02 nmol/ml). Conclusively, C. olitorius might be applied for the management of oxidative stress-linked ailments and a source of novel therapeutics for these ailments. Show less...

Antioxidant Corchorus olitorius Phytochemical analysis Oxidative stress Peroxidation

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